The invention discloses a turboprop engine-based hybrid power unmanned aerial vehicle and a take-off and landing control method thereof. The unmanned aerial vehicle comprises an vehicle body, a left wing, a right wing, a left aileron, a right aileron, a left flap, a right flap, a main propeller, a left wing motor, a left wing propeller, a right wing motor, a right wing propeller, a horizontal stabilizer, a vertical stabilizer, an elevator, a rudder, a turboprop engine, a turboprop engine reducing mechanism, a clutch A, a clutch B, an inverter, a power generation/electric all-in-one machine, astorage battery pack, an oil tank, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a state-of-charge estimation module and a control module. the turboprop engine and the motors are jointly arranged on the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the unmanned aerial vehicle has multiple flight modes and can well adapt to various flight requirements; and in addition, the turboprop engine is higher in efficiency, better in stability and longer in service life compared with a piston engine, and cheap aviation kerosene can be used for the turboprop engine.