The invention discloses a fireproof and anti-corrosion bifunctional ultra-thin steel structure coating and a preparation method thereof. The fireproof and anti-corrosion bifunctional ultra-thin steel structure coating is prepared from the following raw materials by weight percentage: 1-30% of chloroprene rubber adhesive, 1-30% of melamine, 1-20% of pentaerythritol, 1-30% of pigment and filler, 1-50% of 1000# solvent gasoline,1-20% of ammonium polyphosphate, 1-15% of chlorinated paraffin solution with a chlorine content of 70%, 1-10 % of acrylic resin, 0.1-5% of amino resin, 1-10% of raw vermiculite, 1-10% of charring aid, 0.1-5% zinc borate and 0.1-10% of auxiliary agent. The fireproof and anti-corrosion bifunctional ultra-thin steel structure coating has the advantages of greatly improved maximum flexibility, fire resistance limit, binding strength and fire resistance time, good flame retardance, corrosion resistance, water resistance and weather resistance and low cost; and more importantly, the coating is safe and environmentally-friendly, and the coating layer formed by the coating is light and thin, thus truly embodying the fireproof and anti-corrosion dual functions and ultrathin characteristic.