The invention discloses a preparation method of a cryptocrystalline graphite/polyvinyl alcohol heat-conducting composite material, and belongs to the field of composite materials. The method comprises the following steps: 1, mixing cryptocrystalline graphite, ammonium fluoride and a hydrochloric acid solution, heating, washing with deionized water until the pH value is 7, and drying; 2, mixing weighed sodium bicarbonate, corn starch and cryptocrystalline graphite, performing wet ball milling and drying; 3, dissolving polyvinyl alcohol into water, adding the treated cryptocrystalline graphite mixture, mixing uniformly and drying in a drying oven; 4, pulverizing and performing hot-press molding. The thermal diffusion rate is 8 to 9 mm<2>/s, because in the cryptocrystalline graphite granules subjected to purifying treatment, the aggregation degree is high, the density is increased, the heat-conducting effect is denser, and the heat transfer efficiency is improved.