The invention relates to the fields of analytical chemistry and food safety, particular to a method for detecting the residual quantity of multiple polypeptide veterinary drugs in animal-derived foods. The method comprises the following steps of: processing a sample with a TCA(trichloroacetic acid) and acetonitrile system for depositing proteins; extracting with a carbinol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution system; purifying with a Oasis HLB solid phase extraction column; performing gradient elution with an Eclipse XDB-C18 analytical column in the presence of an acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution used as a mobile phase; and then performing electrospray and positive ion scanning mode separation for finally detecting four polypeptides. The limits of the four polypeptides, namely colistin, bacitracin A, polymyxin B and virginiamycin M, are 25 micrograms/kilogram, 100 micrograms/kilogram, 250 micrograms/kilogram and 120 micrograms/kilogram respectively; the recovery rates of colistin, bacitracin A, polymyxin B and virginiamycin M are 74.9-88.1%, 76.2-89.0%, 76.6-81.2% and 77.3-86.9% respectively; and the coefficients of variation (CV%) of colistin, bacitracin A, polymyxin B and virginiamycin M are 5.7-15.1%, 7.2-15.7%, 6.0-8.0% and 9.5-18.6% respectively. The detection limit, the recovery rate, the accuracy and other technical indexes all meet related detection requirements at home and aboard.