The invention provides an alumina ceramic material which uses high-alumina fly ash, light calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate as raw materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, performing pre-desilicification and acid activation pretreatment on the high-alumina fly ash to improve the alumina content in the high-alumina fly ash; then, ball-milling the high-alumina fly ash, the light calcium carbonate, the magnesium carbonate, water, a dispersing agent and a binding agent, drying, and grinding, so as to obtain powder; sieving and deironing the powder, adding a release agent, uniformly mixing, then pressing into a green body, and performing pressurization high-temperature sintering on the green body, so as to obtain the alumina ceramic material. According to the method, no other additional aluminium sources are needed, and the sintering temperature is obviously reduced during the preparation process, so that the cost is reduced; moreover, the method is high in parameter controllability and high in repeatability, and the prepared products are good in consistency, high in abrasion resistance and high in stability.