The invention provides a stone coal vanadium ore cascade oxidizing roasting vanadium extraction system and an oxidizing roasting method. The system comprises a feeding system, a discharging system and a vanadium extraction system, wherein the feeding system is composed of a stock bin, a weightlessness scale and a spiral feeding pipe; the material circulating heat storage system consists of a primary cyclone separator, a flow sealing valve, a main furnace and a secondary cyclone separator; the stepped oxidizing roasting system consists of a decarburization roasting reactor, a crystal breaking roasting reactor and an ore discharge heat exchange pipe; the negative pressure dust removal system consists of a three-stage cyclone separator, a dust hopper, a bag-type dust remover, a Roots blower and a chimney; the decarburization roasting reactor and the crystal breaking roasting reactor are connected in series, so that the purpose of segmented suspension roasting of materials can be achieved; in addition, the system comprises a four-stage heat exchange process and a first-stage self-heating utilization process, and the overall energy utilization rate is extremely high, so that the stepped oxidation roasting system has the advantages of independent and controllable two-stage roasting, full gas-solid contact, high energy utilization rate, high mass and heat transfer efficiency, low operation cost, high efficiency, environmental protection and the like.