The invention discloses a centimeter wave/millimeter wave ultra-wideband signal generation device based on combination of a microwave photon external modulation technology and an up-conversion technology, and belongs to the technical field of microwave photonics. The device comprises a laser source, a coupler 1, a coupler 2, a polarization controller 1, a polarization controller 2, a double-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, an arbitrary waveform generator, a microwave signal source, a direct-current voltage-stabilizing source 1, a direct-current voltage-stabilizing source 2, a direct-current voltage-stabilizing source 3, a direct-current voltage-stabilizing source 4, an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, an adjustable optical filter, an adjustable optical delay line, a balanced photoelectric detector, a spectrum analyzer and an oscilloscope. The device can generate centimeter-wave ultra-wideband signals and millimeter-wave ultra-wideband signals, and is suitable for an indoor ultra-wideband communication system and an outdoor ultra-wideband radar system. Compared with other methods, the method for realizing the up-conversion technology based on single side band modulation has better flexibility and stability, and is more suitable for transmission of ultra-wideband signals in long-distance optical fibers.