The invention discloses a functional sustained or controlled release fertilizer core based on a bio-based adhesive and a preparation method thereof. The bio-based adhesive is prepared through the steps that a biomass material is subjected to a liquidation reaction, bio-based polyalcohol is prepared, and the bio-based polyalcohol, a chain extender, a cross-linking agent and a curing agent are pre-mixed. The bio-based adhesive is prepared from regenerative biomass resources, dependence on petrification-based raw materials is reduced, good degradability is achieved, and meanwhile the bio-based adhesive is high in adhesive performance, good in heat resistance, high in water resistance, easy to spray and easy to dry. The functional sustained or controlled release fertilizer core prepared basedon the bio-based adhesive is high in granulation rate, large in particle strength, excellent in moisture absorption resistance, high in impact resistance, good in roundness, good in storage and transport performance and especially suitable for a coated sustained or controlled release fertilizer production process, the material fluidifying performance can be improved, the specific area of the fertilizer core is reduced, and the coating cost of controlled-release fertilizer is greatly reduced.