The invention relates to a method for quickly preparing carbon quantum dots emitting blue light and carbon quantum dots emitting green light. According to the method, an environmentally-friendly hydrothermal synthesis method is adopted, L-ascorbic acid and ethidene diamine serve as raw materials, deionized water serves as solvent, the carbon quantum dots emitting the blue light and the carbon quantum dots emitting the green light are formed by quick synthesis of the L-ascorbic acid at different temperatures, the purity of products reaches 99%, the water solubility reaches 99.5%, the particle diameter of the carbon quantum dots emitting the blue light is smaller than or equal to 6 nm, the particle diameter of the carbon quantum dots emitting the green light is smaller than or equal to 6.2 nm, and the carbon quantum dots are good in dispersity, good in water solubility, good in fluorescence, capable of being applied to fluorescence probes, biomedical imaging, printing inks and photovoltaic devices; the preparation method is advanced in process, precise and detailed in data, high in preparation speed, good in product purity and stable in light-emitting performance and is a very ideal method for quickly preparing the carbon quantum dots emitting the blue light and the carbon quantum dots emitting the green light.