46 results about "Phanerochaete sp." patented technology

The invention discloses an immobilized biological adsorbent containing phanerochete chrysosporium, the surface of which is uniformly wrapped by a layer of carrier Fe3O4 nanoparticles for fixation. The method comprises the steps of: first adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles into a phanerochete chrysosporium liquid medium containing tween 80, then inoculating a phanerochete chrysosporium spore suspension, conducting shaking cultivation so as to obtain the immobilized biological adsorbent. The invention also discloses application of the adsorbent in dye wastewater treatment. The biological adsorbent of the invention has high adsorption efficiency and large adsorption capacity, and can be effectively used for treating neutral red and lead in dye wastewater. The preparation technology and treatment technology in the invention are characterized by simplicity and low cost.

The invention discloses a method for treating soil or oil sludge severely contaminated by petroleum based on combination of sodium persulfate compound oxidation and microbial flora biological enhancement. Contaminated soil or oil sludge is oxidized first with a sodium persulfate compound as the oxidizing agent in the presence of a surfactant, and then a mixed flora of bacillus sp. and acremonium sp. Y0997 or phanerochaete sp. F0996 is added twice continuously, so that intensified combined treatment of soil or oil sludge is achieved through intensified combination of chemical oxidization and fungus-bacterium flora biological sequences. In this way, the degrading efficiency of soil or oil sludge severely contaminated by petroleum can be improved remarkably, and repair period can be shortened greatly.

The invention discloses a method for removing a heavy metal pollutant from a water body by using phanerochete chrysosporium. The method comprises the following steps of: preparing spore suspension by using phanerochete chrysosporium spore powder; inoculating into a liquid culture medium for shake culture; filtering to obtain phanerochete chrysosporium pellets; adding the pellets into wastewater, adjusting the pH value of the wastewater, performing adsorption reaction under a constant temperature condition, filtering the wastewater after the reaction, and recovering the pellets to finish a removal process one time; cleaning the recovered pellets by using deionized water and then adding the cleaned pellets into culture solution for continuous culture so as to obtain phanerochete chrysosporium regenerative pellets; and adding the phanerochete chrysosporium regenerative pellets into heavy metal wastewater to be treated for cycling. By the method, hyphae are not required to be modified and pretreated and can be repeatedly used, the reaction condition is simple, and the water body of a complex composition can be treated.

The invention relates to a cultural method for improving degradation performance of phanerochaete chrysosporium, and belongs to the bioengineering field. Silicon substrate nanometer particles are added to a phanerochaete chrysosporium fluid medium to conduct fermental cultivation, due to functions among the silicon substrate nanometer particles and spore and mucelium, and meanwhile the silicon substrate nanometer particles enter the interior of mycelium pellets, and a spherical phanerochaete chrysosporium group which has excellent application effect in dye degradation aspect is acquired.

The invention discloses a structure capable of being used for treating heavy metals in bottom mud dredging tail water. The structure comprises a settling pond and a reaction pool, wherein the reaction pool comprises an adjusting column and at least one absorption column. The adjusting column and the absorption columns use a grating cylinder mould as a frame, the adjusting column is filled with a solid particle filler and the absorption columns are filled with compounds consisting of Fe3O4-calcium alginate-phanerochaete chrysosporium microspheres. The adjusting column and the absorption columns are sequentially arranged along a water flow direction. A construction method of the structure comprises the following steps: constructing the settling pond and the reaction pool; digging more than two grooves in the reaction pool; placing the grating cylinder mould in a direction vertical to the water follow; filling the solid particle filler to the most upstream groove, filling compound biological absorption materials in the balance of grooves, and ensuring that the filler is higher than the water line of the reaction pool. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation process, high absorption efficiency and the like, and can be used for treating heavy metal pollutants in the bottom mud dredging tail water.

The invention discloses a high-efficiency aerobic composting inoculant for livestock and poultry manure and a method for aerobic composting thereof. The inoculant is composed of the following bacterial species by following volume proportion: the ratio of Bacillus licheniformis: Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Aspergillus niger is 1:4 to 5:5-6. The aerobic composting comprises the following steps: S1.adding agricultural and forestry waste to the manure of livestock and poultry, adjusting the C / N of livestock manure to 28-30 and the water content being 55%-60%; and S2. adding a sugar source to thelivestock and poultry manure regulated in S1, then adding the above-mentioned inoculant, and uniformly mixing the materials and performing the aerobic composting. After aerobic composting, the degradation of antibiotics in livestock manure is significant, and the content of available heavy metals and resistance genes in livestock manure is greatly reduced, and nitrogen loss is effectively controlled, so that the inoculant has great application prospects.

The invention discloses a compound microbial agent for river regulation, a preparation method of the compound microbial agent and a river sewage treatment method. In the compound microbial agent, a microbial agent A is made by mixing of five fermentation liquors formed by single culture of bacillus megaterium CCTCC NO.M2012352, bacillus subtillis CGMCC NO.1.2162, bacillus licheniformis CGMCC NO.1.6510, bacillus amyloliquefaciens CGMCC NO.1.7463 and phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F1767; a microbial agent B is made by mixing of two fermentation liquors formed by single culture of debaryomyces hansenii CGMCC NO.5770 and saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC NO.3003. The compound microbial agent has advantages that amino nitrogen and nitro nitrogen in water can be degraded, phosphorus concentration is decreased, and precipitation of solid suspended particles, bacterial cells and colloid particles in water is realized.

The invention discloses a technology for degrading anthraquinone compounds in wastewater by use of phanerochaete chrysosporium, and relates to the field of bioengineering. The phanerochaete chrysosporium is used as an original strain; after liquid shake-flask culture and liquid strain enlarge culture, the bacterial liquid is transferred to the wastewater containing anthraquinone compounds, and certain nutrient substances are supplemented to perform fermentation culture. By adopting the technology, the removal rate of anthraquinone compounds can reach 60-100%.

The invention discloses a composite microbial agent for river treatment and a preparation method and application thereof. According to the composite microbial agent, an agent A is formed by mixing five fermentation liquids formed by individual cultivation of a bacillus megatherium CCTCC No.M2012352, a bacillus subtillis CGMCC No.1.2162, a bacillus licheniformis CGMCC No.1.6510, a bacillus amyloliquefaciens CGMCC No.1.7463 and a phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F1767; and an agent B is a fermentation liquid formed by individual cultivation of a debaryomyces hansenii CGMCC No.5770. The composite microbial agent is capable of degrading amino nitrogen and nitro nitrogen in water, reducing the phosphorus concentration and precipitating solid suspended particles, somatic cells and colloid particles in water.

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural wastes and microorganisms, in particular to a complex microbial inoculant for high-temperature composting and rapid decomposition of livestock and poultry manure and straw cellulose and a preparation method of the complex microbial inoculant. The compound microorganism bacterial liquid comprises streptomyces thermocarbonic oxide, bacillus stearothermophilus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, phanerochaete chrysosporium, trichoderma viride and aspergillus niger, and the bacterial liquid carrier is obtained by compounding modified charcoal and modified sepiolite through amidation reaction. According to the complex microbial inoculant provided by the invention, through the synergistic effect of the seven functional complementary microbial strains and the special three-dimensional reticulate carrier, rapid decomposition of high-temperature compost of livestock and poultry manure and straw cellulose is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of microorganisms, in particular to a complex microbial inoculant for efficient degradation of straw and a preparation method and application of the complex microbial inoculant. The complex microbial inoculant comprises a flora A, a flora B and a flora C; the flora A comprises aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, trichoderma harzianum, phanerochaete chrysosporium and auricularia polytricha; the flora B comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens; and the flora C comprises depubyomyces hansenii, pichia guilliermondii, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus and aneurinibacillus. The flora A is used for preparing a microbial agent I, the flora A and the flora B are used for preparing a microbial agent II, the flora A and the flora C are used for preparing a microbial agent III, and the flora A, the flora B and the flora C are used for preparing a microbial agent IV. According to the complex microbial inoculant, the flora A which is close to the environment and has a lignocellulose degradation function is preferably selected from the natural environment by a traditional microbiological method, and the flora B and the flora C are combined to achieve a synergistic effect, so that the straw degradation efficiency is effectively improved, and the complex microbial inoculant has important guiding significance on straw resource utilization.

The invention discloses a technique for degrading gallic acid in wastewater by using Phanerochaete chrysosporium, relating to the field of bioengineering. The technique comprises the following steps: by using Phanerochaete chrysosporium as the initial strain, carrying out liquid shake culture and liquid strain amplification culture, transferring the strain solution into the wastewater containing gallic acid, supplementing certain nutrient substances, and carrying out fermentation culture. By using the technique, the removal rate of the gallic acid can reach 60-100%.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of biomass resource utilization and microbial fertilizers, and specifically relates to a fertilizer based on oil-tea camellia cattail, a preparation method and its application. The fertilizer described in the present invention is prepared by a collaborative fermentation process of Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus subtilis. The obtained fermentation product is separated into solid and liquid to obtain a solid, the solid being a solid fertilizer, and the liquid being a foliar fertilizer after post-treatment. Both can be used for the cultivation of crops such as tangerines and oil-tea camellias. Based on the microbial collaborative fermentation process, the content of anti-nutritional factors tannin and tea saponin in the obtained solid fertilizer is significantly reduced, which is less than 1.8 g / kg and 0.1% respectively on a dry basis, while maintaining a seed germination index higher than 95%. According to a planting comparative test, the average yield per mu of oil-tea camellias using the solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer obtained in this application increased by 12%. The average yield per mu of tangerines increased by about 11%, and the sugar, vitamin C, and trace element contents in tangerines were higher than those using traditional fertilizers.

The invention discloses a multi-effect soil conditioner for improving land capability decline of olive timbered soil by using olive wastes. The multi-effect soil conditioner is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: olive pomace, olive leaves, olive branch pyroligneous, phenolic resin, polymethyl methacrylate, oyster shell powder, polyvinyl alcohol, a biological nutrient, polyacrylamide, bacillus marinus, bacillus thuringiensis, phanerochaete chrysosporium, rape seed cakes, modified charcoal, polyvinyl acetate, maize straws, propionyl brassinolide and ammonium sulfate. The biological nutrient is prepared from yeast extract, cane sugar, peptone, potassium acetate and sodium phosphate in a ratio of 4: 3: 2: 1: 1. Wastes such as the olive pomace and olive leaves are fully used, soil is improved by a double regulating mode biologically and chemically by using a mixed material of biological, organic, inorganic and high molecular materials, the land capability declineof olive timbered soil is improved, the productivity of the olive timbered soil is improved, and the output of olive is improved.

The invention discloses a method for improving the activity of lignin-degrading enzyme generated by phanerochaete chrysosporium after enzyme activity decay. The method comprises the following steps: fermenting the phanerochaete chrysosporium in a carbon-limiting culture medium, and adding glucose to a fermentation system when a carbon source is used up, so that the activity of the lignin-degrading enzyme generated by the phanerochaete chrysosporium is improved after decay. According to the method, the recovery of the lignin-degrading enzyme activity can be realized only by adding an appropriate amount of glucose to the culturing system, the conditions are easy to control, and the method is suitable for the stable production and practical degradation of the lignin-degrading enzyme generated by phanerochaete chrysosporium.

The invention provides a preparation method of a composite microbial preparation for degrading high-oil-content kitchen waste. The composite microbial preparation comprises acinetobacter johnsonii, candida utilis, phanerochaete chrysosporium, bacillus subtilis and geobacillus stearothermophilus. The method comprises the following steps of S1, inoculating strains subjected to activation culture to a fermentation culture medium according to the mass percent of 5%, and performing fermentation culture, and S2, mixing the thalli cultured in the step S1 to prepare liquid mixed bacteria, mixing the liquid mixed bacteria with a solid adsorption carrier according to a mass ratio of 1: (1.5-2), and carrying out carrier adsorption and drying to obtain a composite microbial preparation. The liquid mixed bacteria comprise 30 to 40 percent of acinetobacter johnsonii, 10 to 20 percent of candida utilis, 10 to 15 percent of phanerochaete chrysosporium, 10 to 20 percent of bacillus subtilis and 10 to 20 percent of geobacillus stearothermophilus. Macromolecular compounds such as animal fat, vegetable fat and cellulose which are not easy to decompose in the kitchen waste can be efficiently and rapidly decomposed, and the degradation rate of protein and starch is maintained.

The invention discloses a high-conversion-rate production method of fermented citric acid. The production method comprises the following steps of mixing wheat flour, wheat straw and wheat bran, performing pulverizing, screening with a 80-mesh sieve, adding water, carrying out ultrasonic soaking at 40-50 DEG C for 5-12 hours at the ultrasonic power of 300-400W, regulating the pH value of the systemto 6.6-6.8, and adding alpha-amylase and cellulase to carry out enzymolysis for 10-20 hours to obtain pretreated wheat flour; filtering and decoloring the pretreated wheat flour to obtain a filtrate,adjusting the total sugar concentration in the filtrate to 12-16%, then adding ammonium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate, vitamin B1 and compound trace elements, and uniformly mixing to obtain a fermentation culture solution; inoculating phanerochaete chrysosporium, trichoderma reesia and aspergillus niger into the fermentation culture solution, introducing air for fermentation in a stirring state with the air introducing amount of 0.4-0.5VVM, performing fermenting at the temperature of 30-40 DEG C until the concentration of residual reducing sugar is less than or equal to 0.2 percent, carrying out filtering, and performing chromatographic separation and extraction.

The invention discloses a method for quickly treating solid waste by using a biological agent, which comprises the following steps: weighing the following microbial agents in parts by weight: bacillussubtilis, geobacillus stearothermophilus, Kocuria palustris, aspergillus niger, rhizopus oryzae, white rot fungi, phanerochaete chrysosporium, lactobacillus acidophilus and saccharomyces cerevisiae,and carrying out slant activation on each microbial agent; inoculating a microbial culture medium with the mixed microbial inoculum for culturing to obtain a complex microbial inoculum; adding cellulase and lignin peroxidase into the complex microbial inoculant, and uniformly mixing to obtain a biological inoculant for solid waste treatment; and directly adding the biological agent into the solidwaste, and carrying out aerobic fermentation. According to the method, through reasonable compatibility of multiple strains and selection of a proper microbial culture medium, organic matters, cellulose and macromolecular refractory substances in the sludge can be rapidly degraded, meanwhile, ammonia nitrogen, COD, heavy metal ions and the like in the sludge can be removed, and pollution of solidwaste to the environment is relieved.

The invention discloses a method for treating soil or oil sludge severely contaminated by petroleum based on combination of sodium persulfate compound oxidation and microbial flora biological enhancement. Contaminated soil or oil sludge is oxidized first with a sodium persulfate compound as the oxidizing agent in the presence of a surfactant, and then a mixed flora of bacillus sp. and acremonium sp. Y0997 or phanerochaete sp. F0996 is added twice continuously, so that intensified combined treatment of soil or oil sludge is achieved through intensified combination of chemical oxidization and fungus-bacterium flora biological sequences. In this way, the degrading efficiency of soil or oil sludge severely contaminated by petroleum can be improved remarkably, and repair period can be shortened greatly.

The invention belongs to the technical field of soil improvers, and in particular discloses a high-carbon-based soil additive prepared from fermented soybean straw. The high-carbon-based soil additive is prepared from soybean straw as a degradation raw material added with composite bacteria, wherein the composite bacteria comprise the following bacteria: phanerochaete chrysosporium, trichoderma koningii, paracoccus denitrificans, rhodococcus and succinic acid bacillus filiformis in a ratio of (1-3):(2-8):(3-8):(1-3):(2-8). According to the nutrient components of soybean straw, five composite bacteria are adopted to ferment and degrade soybean straw, due to the complementarity and the synergistic effect of the bacteria, not only is the soybean straw sufficiently degraded within a short time, but also the physicochemical property of soil can be improved by using the prepared soil additive, plant growth and development can be improved, resistance of plants can be induced to improve, properties such as cold resistance, drought resistance, disease resistance and inversion resistance can be improved, the yield can be increased, and the product quality can be improved.

The invention relates to a cultivation method for improving the degradation performance of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, belonging to the field of bioengineering. In the present invention, the silicon-based nanoparticles are added to the Phanerochaete chrysosporium liquid medium for fermentation and cultivation, and through the interaction between the silicon-based nanoparticles, spores and mycelia, the nanoparticles enter the interior of the mycelium ball to obtain spherical yellow Phanerochaete sporogenes mycelial group, the mycelial group has a better application effect in dye degradation.

The present invention belongs to the field of microbial technology and specifically relates to a composite microbial agent for promoting lignocellulose degradation and humus production during mulberry twig and cow dung composting, and its application. The composite microbial agent comprises a mixture of strains B1, F1, and F2, wherein the ratio of effective viable bacteria among strains B1, F1, and F2 is 1:1:1. The deposit number of strain B1 is GDMCC No. 65049; the deposit number of strain F1 is GDMCC No. 65050; and the deposit number of strain F2 is GDMCC No. 65051. The Bacillus cereus B1, Phanerochaete chrysosporium F1, and Sphaerotheca fusca F2 in the composite microbial agent are all effective fertilizer compost-promoting microorganisms. These three microorganisms can synergize with each other during aerobic composting, fully achieving the conversion and degradation of raw materials and producing high-quality organic fertilizer. Furthermore, the composite microbial agent can promote lignocellulose degradation and humus production during composting.

A recombinant polypeptide and a recombinant cell both expressing an aromatic amino acid degrading enzyme, and a use of the recombinant polypeptide and the recombinant cell, relating to the field of biotechnology. The sequence of the aromatic amino acid degrading enzyme XAL derived from Phanerochaete chrysosporium is taken as a starting sequence, a series of XAL mutations that can improve the enzyme activity and stability are found by means of screening and verification of mutation sites, the mutants are introduced into the genetically engineered bacteria, and then degradation activity verification is performed; and it is found that compared with a control strain of a transformed non-mutant enzyme, the constructed recombinant strain has the amino acid degradation activity significantly improved. The present invention further relates to a use of a recombinant XAL polypeptide or a recombinant cell, and a composition of the recombinant XAL polypeptide or the recombinant cell for the treatment and industrial purposes.

The purpose of this invention is that since the two-step biological oxidation method for treating double refractory gold ores has the disadvantages of long process, complex technology, and high production cost, there is an urgent need for a method that can effectively treat arsenic sulfide and gold-containing carbonaceous matter in gold ores. Methods. The invention provides a fungal pre-oxidation method for arsenic-containing and carbon-containing double refractory gold mines. The method utilizes Phanerochaete? chrysosporium-CCTCC? M2013616) to amplify the culture, and then combines nitrogen-limited medium and gold ore powder. and fungal liquid were added to a biological oxidation constant-temperature mixer for non-sterile oxidative degradation for 5 to 15 days. The arsenic and carbon contents in the gold ore powder were significantly reduced. The pretreated fungal oxidation residue is used to extract gold by conventional cyanidation method. The cyanide gold extraction rate of gold ore powder is increased from about 10% to more than 89%, achieving one-step oxidation pretreatment of double refractory gold ores containing arsenic and carbon. , the economic benefits are very significant.

The invention discloses a base fertilizer containing a microbial agent for brassicaceous plant broccoli, and belongs to the technical field of microbial fertilizers. The base fertilizer is prepared by the following steps: by taking pig manure and straws as organic raw materials, pretreating the organic raw materials, and mixing the pretreated organic raw materials with a mixture containing neurospora crassa, pseudonocardia alnus, bacillus, streptomyces, paenibacillus mucilaginosus, phanerochaete chrysosporium, azospirillum, trichoderma harzianum, pseudomonas fluorescens and thiobacillus thiooxidans; through staged fermentation, humic acid powder and a trace element mixture are added during aging, and finally bentonite is added for granulation and drying. The base fertilizer can improve the soil structure, adjust microbial communities, inhibit pathogenic bacteria, improve the nutrient utilization rate through nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and potassium solubilization, provide comprehensive nutrition in combination with humic acid and trace elements, promote broccoli root development, enhance stress resistance and realize double improvement of yield and quality; the problems of soil degradation and environmental pollution caused by long-term use of chemical fertilizers are solved, and the requirements of green agriculture development are met.

The invention relates to a microbial agent containing phanerochaete chrysosporium and ochrobactrum intermedium and a method for degrading organochlorine pesticides. The microbial agent comprises the phanerochaete chrysosporium and the ochrobactrum intermedium. The phanerochaete chrysosporium is classified and named as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the preservation number of the phanerochaete chrysosporium is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No. 41170. The classification name of the ochrobactrum intermedia is Ochrobactrum intermedia, and the preservation number of the ochrobactrum intermedia is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No. 33645. The microbial agent disclosed by the invention can efficiently degrade organochlorine pesticides.

The invention discloses a structure that can be used for treating heavy metal pollutants in tail water of sediment dredging, including a sedimentation tank and a reaction tank, the reaction tank includes an adjustment column and at least one adsorption column, and the adjustment column and the adsorption column both adopt grids The mesh cage is used as a frame, and the regulating column is filled with solid particle filler, and the adsorption column is filled with a composite composed of Fe3O4-calcium alginate-Phanerochaete chrysosporium microspheres; and the regulating column and the adsorption column are arranged along the direction of water flow in sequence. The construction of the structure includes the following steps: build the sedimentation tank and the reaction tank, excavate more than two grooves in the reaction tank, and place the grid cage in each groove vertically to the direction of water flow; Fill the solid particle filler in the groove, and fill the composite bioabsorbent material in the remaining grooves, and ensure that the filler is higher than the water level line of the reaction tank. The invention has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation process, high adsorption efficiency, etc., and can be used for treating heavy metal pollutants in tail water of sediment dredging.

The invention discloses a photocatalytic biosorbent and its preparation method and application. The photocatalytic biosorbent includes Prochaeta chrysosporium pellets, graphite type C 3 N 4 and calcium alginate, graphite type C 3 N 4 Calcium alginate is used to coat the hyphae of P. chrysosporium cocci. The preparation method includes: converting graphite type C 3 N 4 The material is added to the sodium alginate solution for ultrasonic dispersion, and then the spore suspension of P. chrysosporium is added and mixed evenly. The resulting mixed solution is added dropwise to the calcium chloride solution to harden. After hardening, the embedded pellet is obtained for shaking culture. A photocatalytic biosorbent was obtained. The photocatalytic biosorbent of the present invention has the advantages of strong photocatalytic ability, high adsorption efficiency, low cost, convenient separation and recovery, etc. It can be used to treat composite wastewater containing cadmium and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and can simultaneously remove wastewater The heavy metal cadmium and organic pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol are contained in it, and the adsorption and degradation efficiency is high.

The invention discloses a high-efficiency aerobic composting bacterial agent for livestock and poultry manure and a method for aerobic composting thereof. The bacterial agent is composed of various strains in the following volume ratios: Bacillus licheniformis: Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Aspergillus niger Mold = 1:4~5:5~6. The aerobic composting steps are as follows: S1. Add agricultural and forestry wastes to the livestock and poultry manure, adjust the C / N of the livestock and poultry manure to 28-30, and the moisture content to 55%-60%; S2. Add the adjusted poultry waste to S1 Add sugar source to livestock manure, then add the above-mentioned bacterial agent, mix well and perform aerobic composting. After aerobic composting, the antibiotics in livestock and poultry manure degrade significantly, and at the same time greatly reduce the content of available heavy metals and resistance genes in livestock and poultry manure, and effectively control the loss of nitrogen, which has a great application prospect.

The invention relates to a phanerochaete chrysosporium mycelium growthform controlling method and belongs to the field of bioengineering. The phanerochaete chrysosporium mycelium growthform controlling method comprises the following steps: adding inorganic nanoparticles to a fluid nutrient medium of the phanerochaete chrysosporium to carry out ferment cultivation, and obtaining a mycelium group of the phanerochaete chrysosporium due to the facts that the inorganic nanoparticles react with spores and mycelia, and the inorganic nanoparticles enter into mycelial beads. The mycelium group has a good application effect in dye decolorization.