The invention discloses a method for synthesizing 4-phosphonic acid-1,5-substituted-1,2,3 triazole compounds through catalysis of an ionic liquid and belongs to the technical field of synthesis of the triazole compounds. The technical scheme is characterized in that azide compounds and phosphorus ester compounds are taken as substrates, the ionic liquid is taken as a catalyst, methyl alcohol is taken as a solvent, the materials are subjected to stirring reaction at the temperature of 25-50 DEG C, and the 4-phosphonic acid-1,5-substituted-1,2,3 triazole compounds are prepared. The reaction time for the synthesis method is shorter, the reaction conditions are mild, the reaction temperature is 25-50 DEG C, the method requires no metal catalyst while a traditional click reaction requires transition metal as a catalyst, and accordingly, toxicity of metal ions is greatly reduced; phosphorylation is a method capable of improving properties of an index compound, with the introduction of a phosphoric acid group in drug design, the water solubility of the compound can be improved, so that bioavailability is improved, and part of prepared compounds have the fluorescence characteristic.