The invention belongs to the technical field of biomasses, particularly provides a method for preparing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by utilizing biomass sugar. The method comprises the following steps of taking biomass sugar as a raw material, catalyzing the raw material under a water phase condition in acid, neutral or alkali buffering systems, and obtaining 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The method provided by the invention is applicable for multiple kinds of raw material sugars, the wide of the initial concentration of the sugar is wide, the heating way is flexible, the temperature range is wide, and the buffering system is versatile; and moreover, the operation is simple and convenient, the equipment is simple, the energy is saved, the post-treatment is convenient, and the rate of conversion and selection are higher. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is one of the important platform compounds capable of being obtained from biomasses to substitute the petrochemical products, can perform oxidation reaction, reduction reaction, halogenation reaction, polyreaction and the like, and also can be used as the intermediate for fine chemistry industry, pharmacy and furyl polymer, thereby having great economic value and wide application prospect. The method provided by the invention can realize large-scale industrialization production.