The present invention provides an alkane dehydrogenation sulfide catalyst, which comprises an active ingredient and a carrier, wherein the active ingredient comprises one or a plurality of elements selected from Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, W and Mn, the active ingredient content in the catalyst (calculated as the oxide having the highest valence) is 0.5-40 wt%, the carrier is a mixed oxide or a composite oxide formed from one or a plurality of materials selected from SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, La2O3, CeO2, CaO, P2O5, Nb2O5 and MgO, the carrier content is 60-99.5 wt%, and the active ingredient on the surface of the alkane dehydrogenation sulfide catalyst exists in a sulfide form. When the catalyst is adopted for the alkane dehydrogenation reaction, characteristics of high activity, high selectivity, good stability, slow deactivation, low cost and no environment pollution are provided.