72 results about "Oil immersion" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of power equipment state monitoring, in particular to an oil-immersed transformer distributed temperature measurement method based on a fluorescent optical fiber sensor, and the method comprises the steps: arranging the fluorescent optical fiber sensor in a key temperature rise region in a transformer in a partitioned and layered three-dimensional topological structure, and forming a distributed temperature measurement network; exciting light is injected through a pulse laser to excite a fluorescence signal; a dual-channel phase-locked amplification technology is used to collect signals, and a dual-weight adaptive attenuation model and an oil flow coupling compensation function are combined to demodulate the temperature; reconstructing a dynamic temperature field based on a three-dimensional thermodynamic inversion algorithm, and marking high-gradient hot spots; and temperature, load current and oil flow velocity data are fused to realize graded alarm. According to the invention, the limitation of traditional single-point monitoring is broken through, the strong electromagnetic interference resistance is excellent, a global temperature field can be accurately reconstructed, dynamic early warning is realized, and the operation safety and the operation and maintenance efficiency of the transformer are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses an oil leakage detection and traceability method and system for an oil-immersed power transformer, and belongs to the technical field of transformer detection. Irradiating the surface of the transformer by adopting an ultraviolet light source with controllable power to obtain an oil leakage characteristic image of the surface of the transformer; carrying out oil leakage feature image preprocessing through graying, 3 * 3 convolution kernel Gaussian filtering, 3 * 3 weighted median filtering and a contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization algorithm in sequence; an improved double-threshold maximum between-class variance algorithm is adopted to determine a background and a fluorescence region, and oil stains are accurately extracted through connected region analysis and texture feature screening; a diffusion main direction is determined through a gradient vector weighted voting algorithm, candidate sources are screened from an easy leakage part database in combination with a K nearest neighbor algorithm, and a final leakage source is determined through gray profile analysis and verification. Through multi-algorithm cooperation, the oil leakage detection precision and traceability accuracy are effectively improved, the method is suitable for daily operation and maintenance of the transformer, and the equipment fault risk is reduced.

The invention provides a sample pretreatment method for in-situ analysis of impurities in high-purity quartz sand, which comprises the following steps: crushing, screening, scrubbing, desliming and grading a raw ore sample to obtain a mineral with the particle size of-2mm + 0.5 mm; carrying out quartz single mineral selection on minerals with the particle size of + 0.5 mm by adopting an optical microscope; the method comprises the following steps: uniformly dispersing selected quartz single minerals on a glass slide, and preparing an oil-immersed sheet; placing the oil immersed sheet under a polarizing microscope, selecting quartz single mineral particles with low gas-liquid inclusion content, and cleaning and drying the quartz single mineral particles; and embedding the quartz single mineral particles into epoxy resin, polishing and cleaning to obtain the high-purity quartz sand sample target sheet. According to the method, an oil immersion observation method is firstly adopted to select quartz single minerals with relatively low gas-liquid inclusion content, so that the sample representativeness of subsequent in-situ analysis test is ensured; then, epoxy resin is adopted for embedding, polishing and cleaning, target material preparation is simplified, and secondary pollution to a to-be-detected surface is avoided.

A multifunctional pathological section scanning and arranging machine disclosed by the present invention comprises a rack, the rack is provided with a light path assembly, a scanning assembly, an XY platform, an objective table and a slide automatic loading assembly, the slide automatic loading assembly comprises a base, the base is rotatably connected with a rotating disc, the rotating disc is driven by a rotating disc motor fixedly installed on the base to rotate, and the rotating disc is driven by a motor to rotate. A plurality of partition columns are uniformly arranged on the turntable along the circumference at intervals, slide box placing positions are respectively arranged between every two adjacent partition columns and are used for placing slide boxes, a lifting station is arranged on one side, corresponding to the base, of the turntable, a lifting assembly and a guide assembly are respectively arranged on the base and correspond to the lifting station, and a slide pushing assembly is arranged at the upper part of the lifting assembly. The equipment disclosed by the invention integrates four basic functions of bright field, fluorescence, high flux and oil immersion lens, and has multiple purposes; and the automatic slide loading assembly can be used for sorting the scanned slides, so that an operator is helped to sort and sort the slides.

The invention relates to the technical field of oil-immersed transformer state monitoring, in particular to an oil-immersed transformer gas relay acetylene gas production rate detection method and system based on a light scattering method. Laser signals emitted by the light source unit are incident to an observation window on one side of the gas relay, the sensor unit captures scattered light intensity signals at different angles, and the processing unit calculates bubble particle size distribution according to the scattered light intensity signals according to the Mie scattering principle; and the machine vision unit shoots a bubble group in the gas relay, and monitors a bubble rising rate through a matching window correlation method in the processing unit, so that a corresponding gas production rate is obtained by combining the bubble particle size distribution and the bubble rising rate. Based on a light scattering method and a high-speed camera shooting technology, the dynamic change of the bubbles can be accurately monitored.

The present application provides a fault monitoring device with an anti-noise function, which is applied to the online monitoring of operating faults of oil-immersed equipment, and comprises an oil circuit unit, a degassing unit, a gas circuit unit, a measuring unit and a control unit; the oil circuit unit is used to obtain a cooling oil sample from the oil-immersed equipment; the degassing unit is used to degas the cooling oil sample to obtain a gas sample to be tested; the gas circuit unit is used to input the gas sample to be tested into the measuring unit; the measuring unit comprises a photoacoustic cell, the photoacoustic cell comprises a first microphone, a second microphone and a differential operator, the differential operator is used to subtract an output signal of the first microphone from an output signal of the second microphone to obtain a photoacoustic signal in the photoacoustic cell, the measuring unit determines the concentration of a characteristic gas in the gas sample to be tested according to the photoacoustic signal, and further determines the operating fault of the oil-immersed equipment.

The utility model discloses an oil-immersed current transformer which comprises a metal expander shell, an oil level window, a transformer body and a fixing bolt, the top of the transformer body is provided with the metal expander shell, and the fixing bolt is screwed between the metal expander shell and the transformer body. The metal expander shell and the mutual inductor body are mutually fixed through the fixing bolts, the oil level window is embedded in the front portion of the outer portion of the metal expander shell, the visual area of the oil level window is enlarged, and the oil level window is arranged to be in a rounded rectangle shape. According to the utility model, the oil level line is made of luminous paint and has a luminous reflection function at night or under the condition of dim light, and the red mark thickening metal expander top red mark line is arranged in the oil level line, so that the observation identification degree can be effectively increased, and an inspector can observe accurately and clearly; and meanwhile, the oil level window is made of explosion-proof glass instead of polycarbonate in the past, so that the transparency is better increased.

The present invention discloses a system and method for fabricating a double-ring structure in one step based on laser direct writing. The system includes a continuous laser, a beam expansion system, an attenuation plate, a half-wave plate, an optical shutter, a spectrometer, an oil-immersion objective lens, and a positive-negative adjustable photoresist sample arranged along an optical path; further includes a three-dimensional high-precision nanopositioning translation stage, a lens, a CCD camera, and a computer; the spectrometer focuses an incident continuous-wave laser beam onto the surface of the positive-negative adjustable photoresist sample via the oil-immersion objective lens, and a portion of the laser beam incident on the sample surface is reflected back onto the spectrometer and then irradiated onto a third lens; the oil-immersion objective lens focuses the laser beam onto the sample, thereby fabricating the double-ring structure in one step. The present invention can obtain the double-ring structure in one step through a single process at a lower cost, rather than through two or more cumbersome steps; and the inner and outer diameters of the desired double-ring structure can be flexibly changed by changing the power density and the direct writing time.

The utility model provides an oil level detection mechanism of an oiled air compressor, and belongs to the field of air compression equipment. According to the oil level detection mechanism of the oiled air compressor, the oiled air compressor comprises a crank case, a through hole horizontally penetrates through the side wall of the lower end of the crank case, an oil immersion lens is installed in the through hole, the oil level detection mechanism comprises a liquid level sensor and an installation hole formed in the side wall of the lower end of the crank case in a penetrating mode, the liquid level sensor comprises a rod-shaped main body, and one end of the main body is a detection end; the detection end penetrates through the mounting hole and is located in the crankcase, the position of the detection end is lower than the central point position of the through hole, and the main body is fixedly connected with the crankcase in a sealed mode. The oil level detection mechanism of the oiled air compressor can actively remind a user of oil shortage.

The invention relates to a device for monitoring acetylene dissolved in oil of an oil-immersed current transformer. A detection optical fiber is fixed in an oil path pipeline through an optical fiber mounting assembly; the sampling end of the oil sampling tool is connected to the oil outlet of the oil-immersed current transformer; the oil way pipeline is connected to the oil outlet end of the oil taking tool. The optical fiber installation assembly comprises a threaded connection main body provided with external threads, the tail end of the threaded connection main body is connected with the tail end of the oil way pipeline, the tail end of the threaded connection main body is provided with an installation groove used for installing a detection optical fiber, and a threaded structure is arranged in the installation groove; the detection optical fiber is fixedly arranged in the mounting groove; the threaded connection main body is also provided with at least two axial first through holes penetrating through the threaded connection main body, and an external optical fiber penetrates through the first through holes to be connected with the detection optical fiber; a plurality of second through holes are formed in the surface of the circular pore plate, and external threads matched with the thread structures are arranged on the outer circumferential surface of the circular pore plate. According to the invention, in-situ measurement of acetylene in insulating oil is realized.

The utility model discloses an optical cable butt joint structure used in a vacuum cavity or oil, which comprises a butt joint cylinder and optical fiber butt joints respectively arranged at two ends of the butt joint cylinder, each optical fiber butt joint comprises a connecting piece, a locking bolt, a limiting piece and an optical joint, the center of the connecting piece is provided with a via hole along the axial direction, and the locking bolt is arranged in the via hole. A through hole of the connecting piece is used for accommodating and fixing an optical cable, the locking bolt sleeves the outer side of the connecting piece, the limiting piece is connected to one end, close to the butt joint cylinder, of the connecting piece, a mounting hole is formed in the limiting piece, one end of the optical connector is fixedly connected into the mounting hole of the limiting piece, and the other end of the optical connector is fixedly connected with the butt joint cylinder. According to the utility model, vacuum or oil filling inside the optical fiber butt joint structure is ensured through the through holes arranged on the butt joint cylinder, the problem of partial discharge or uneven electric field caused by insufficient vacuum or oil immersion is avoided, and the optical fiber butt joint is in threaded connection with the butt joint cylinder, thereby facilitating the disassembly and assembly of the optical fiber butt joint, facilitating the maintenance in case of abnormity, and improving the reliability of the optical fiber butt joint. The practicability is high.

The present application provides a laser monitoring device, which is applied to the online monitoring of the operation failure of oil-immersed equipment, and includes an oil circuit unit, a degassing unit, a gas circuit unit, a measuring unit and a control unit; the oil circuit unit is used to obtain a cooling oil sample from the oil-immersed equipment; the degassing unit is used to degas the cooling oil sample to obtain a gas sample to be tested; the gas circuit unit is used to input the gas sample to be tested into the measuring unit; the measuring unit includes a laser, the laser includes a laser diode for generating a narrow-bandwidth laser and a dual optical isolator for filtering and adjusting the polarization direction of the narrow-bandwidth laser, and the measuring unit is used to use the narrow-bandwidth laser corresponding to the characteristic gas to respectively measure the concentration of the characteristic gas in the gas sample to be tested, so as to determine the operation failure of the oil-immersed equipment. The laser monitoring device can realize real-time and online monitoring of the characteristic gas generated in the oil-immersed equipment.

The present invention discloses an organic matter microscopic component identification method based on cross-modal fusion and attention mechanism, which belongs to the field of artificial intelligence and geology. Traditional organic matter microscopic component identification methods have the problems of high labor intensity, high subjectivity, low efficiency, etc., which limit their application in the industrial field. The automated identification method proposed in this application converts the component identification task in organic matter microscopic images into a pixel-level classification problem. Its core technologies include: proposing a CFA-Unet model, fusing oil-immersion reflected light and fluorescence images, and realizing pixel-level classification of organic matter microscopic components. A cross-modal fusion method is introduced to strengthen the interaction of feature information between modalities, and a weighted attention mechanism is adopted to reduce component misidentification. Experiments have shown that the CFA-Unet model in this application has achieved excellent performance, with stronger segmentation performance, anti-interference ability and generalization performance. The application of this technology can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of organic matter resource quality assessment.

This invention belongs to the field of medical image processing technology, specifically relating to a method for identifying, counting, and determining the proportion of target-shaped red blood cells. The method involves acquiring high-resolution digital images of bone marrow or peripheral blood smears under an oil immersion lens; inputting these high-resolution digital images into a dual-task deep learning detection model, which simultaneously performs pixel-level semantic segmentation of individual red blood cells and their intracytoplasmic target structures; based on the localization and pixel-level semantic segmentation, determining the presence and classification of each red blood cell, counting the number of target-shaped red blood cells and the total number of red blood cells, and determining the proportion of target-shaped red blood cells using a proportioning algorithm; based on the proportion of target-shaped red blood cells, fusing red blood cell parameters to generate morphological integrated indicators, and outputting a diagnostic report. This solves the problems of lacking standardized image acquisition procedures and difficulty in accurately distinguishing between target and non-target-shaped red blood cells in existing technologies.

The utility model relates to the technical field of ray devices, in particular to an oil-immersed X-ray source device. Comprising an oil tank filled with insulating oil and an X-ray tube installed in the oil tank in a sealed mode and used for generating X-rays, a pressure relief hole is formed in the oil tank, and an elastic expansion cap which can make contact with the insulating oil and deform under the pressure effect to relieve pressure covers the pressure relief hole in a sealed mode. A sealing ring capable of being attached to the opening of the pressure relief hole is arranged on the elastic expansion cap. When the elastic expansion cap is installed on the oil tank, the pressing ring presses the sealing ring at the opening of the pressure relief hole, and at least part of the middle of the elastic expansion cap is sunken into the oil tank to form an elastic deformation cavity. When the oil-immersed X-ray source device works to generate heat to cause the volume expansion of the insulating oil, the elastic expansion cap can automatically deform outwards under the action of pressure, so that the internal space of the oil tank is enlarged, and the pressure is effectively reduced. The mechanism does not need external power and is quick in response, and the risk that the oil tank is damaged or leaks oil due to overlarge pressure is effectively avoided.

The invention discloses an explicit solution method of ball disc oil film resistance, which comprises the following steps: enabling a single roller and a bearing ring of a bearing to be equivalent to a ball-disc contact model, establishing a resistance solution formula based on the ball-disc contact model, and dividing a contact area into a lubrication area, a deformation area and a breakdown area; the explicit solution method comprises the following steps of ball-disk potential solution, lubrication area resistance solution, lubrication area resistance correction, deformation area resistance solution, breakdown area resistance solution and total resistance solution. According to the explicit solution, the mode of calculating the capacitance by calculating the potential and the charges is applied to resistance calculation in an analogy mode, the influence of the oil immersion angle is considered by changing the integral limit, the influence of the contact angle on the oil film resistance is corrected through the weighted average calculation mode, the calculation error can be reduced, and the method is suitable for more working conditions.

The invention relates to a reliability device for testing an optical microphone by simulating oil pressure and a testing method, and belongs to the technical field of optical sensor testing. The device mainly comprises a test box, an oil conservator, an air pressure system, a pressure control system and an ultrasonic signal generation system. The test box is pressurized through the blast pump and the oil conservator, and oil pressure environments at different depths in the transformer are accurately simulated by using a plurality of pressure release valves with different pressure thresholds. According to the invention, not only can the sensitivity and the minimum sensing amount of the optical microphone under different static oil pressures be tested, but also fatigue life evaluation can be carried out through controllable pressure circulation. The device has the advantages that the oil pressure control is accurate, the range is wide, the safety is high, the functions of vacuum simulation, ultrasonic excitation and the like are integrated, and a key test means is provided for model selection, point distribution and reliability evaluation of the optical microphone in the oil-immersed transformer.

An embodiment of the present application provides a degassing device for an oil-immersed device, the degassing device comprising an oil circuit unit, for obtaining a cooling oil sample from the oil-immersed device; a headspace degassing unit, for degassing the cooling oil sample to obtain a gas sample to be tested; a gas circuit unit, for allowing the gas sample to be tested in the headspace degassing unit to enter a measuring unit; a measuring unit, for measuring the concentration of a characteristic gas in the gas sample to be tested using a photoacoustic spectroscopy device; and a control unit, for determining an operating failure of the oil-immersed device based on the concentration of the characteristic gas, thereby enabling the degassing device of the oil-immersed device to obtain sampling data in real time, and predicting an operating failure of the oil-immersed device based on the concentration of the characteristic gas and giving an alarm, thereby avoiding damage to the oil-immersed device.

The invention relates to the technical field of power transformer monitoring equipment, in particular to an oil immersed transformer acetylene gas production rate monitoring device based on gas relay measurement components, which is characterized in that an observation window is arranged on a gas relay, and the interior of the gas relay is in an oil filling state; the light source unit is used for emitting laser beams into the gas relay, and if bubble groups exist in the gas relay, the bubble groups scatter the laser beams; the sensor unit is used for receiving light signals scattered by the bubbles and converting the light signals into electric signals; the machine vision unit is used for collecting a motion picture of the bubble group; and the processing unit is used for processing the electric signals obtained by the sensor unit and the related pictures obtained by the machine vision unit. The light source unit, the sensor unit, the machine vision unit and the processing unit are matched with one another, the motion state of bubbles can be accurately monitored, and the monitoring precision of the gas production rate is remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrical equipment defect detection, and particularly discloses an oil-immersed transformer detection device based on fluorescence reflection. The device integrates excitation, filtering, imaging, data processing and supporting modules, realizes oil film thickness quantification through a corrected Beer-Lambert law, analyzes oil film edge continuity based on a fluid mechanics equation so as to discriminate the oil stain type, and solves the problems of fuzzy nature determination, incapability of quantification and low discrimination precision in the prior art.

The invention discloses a rapid quantitative detection method for a quartz gas-liquid inclusion. The rapid quantitative detection method comprises the following steps: crushing a quartz sample to prepare quartz sand; uniformly paving quartz sand on a glass slide provided with a sample groove, and dripping immersion oil into the quartz sand to immerse the quartz sand to obtain an oil immersion sheet to be detected; a microscope is adopted to carry out omnibearing shooting on the oil immersed sheet, an obtained picture is transmitted to a data processing server, the data processing server carries out segmentation extraction on pixels of the quartz sand through the picture, and the pixel proportion of the quartz sand gas-liquid inclusion is calculated; dividing the quartz sand area into transparent particles, semi-transparent particles and non-transparent particles according to the pixel proportion, and calculating the number proportion of the transparent particles, the semi-transparent particles and the non-transparent particles; and grading the quartz sample according to the quantity ratio of the transparent particles to the non-transparent particles in the quartz sand. The detection method is convenient, rapid and accurate in detection, and provides key indexes for screening and evaluation of high-purity quartz raw materials.

This invention discloses a non-oil immersion large numerical aperture microscope objective, composed of a first lens group S1, a second lens group S2, a third lens group S3, and a fourth lens group S4. The total length (Lob) of the four lens groups is ≤50mm, and the focal length (EFL) of the microscope objective is... ob The focal length EFL of the first lens group S1 S1 The focal length EFL of the second lens group S2 S2 The focal length EFL of the third lens group S3 S3 The focal length EFL of the fourth lens group S4 S4 Satisfying: -3.40 ≤ EFL S1 / EFL ob ≤-3.90, 5.0≤EFL S2 / EFL ob ≤9.0, 8.0≤EFL S3 / EFL ob ≤21.0, 1.30≤EFL S4 / EFLob≤1.75, HI / EFLob≤0.139, where HI is the height of the observed object. The second lens group S2 can move along the optical axis. Its advantage is that the numerical aperture of the objective lens can be ≥0.95 without oil immersion. By adjusting the distance between the objective lens elements, the imaging blur caused by the processing error of the coverslip can be corrected, and the difference caused by the thickness of the coverslip can be compensated. It has a good effect on correcting chromatic aberration without using special optical materials such as DOE.

1. The name of this design product: internal oil storage cabinet. 2. Purpose of this design product: to compensate for the change in internal transformer oil volume caused by the temperature change of the oil-immersed transformer during operation. 3. The key point of the design of this product lies in its shape. 4. The picture or photo that best illustrates the design points: Stereoscopic drawing 1.

A transparent glass plate is embedded in the inner side of an observation opening, a light through hole is horizontally formed in the lower end of an oil lens body, a light condensation module is arranged at one end of the light through hole, the upper portion of a box body is open, a glass cover plate covers the box body, the other faces of the box body are sealed, and a light inlet hole corresponding to the light through hole is formed in the outer side of the box body. Arc-shaped reflectors are correspondingly arranged on the inner wall of the box body, and the reflection centers of the arc-shaped reflectors are located on the glass cover plate. When an operator changes oil for the Roots pump, an external light source is placed outside the light through hole, light sequentially penetrates through the light through hole and the light inlet hole, under the action of the arc-shaped reflecting plate, the light is irradiated on the glass cover plate and illuminates oil liquid on the upper portion of the box body, after the oil liquid is illuminated, when the operator observes the liquid level in the oil immersion lens, obvious light strips appear on the liquid level, and the height of the oil liquid is obviously displayed. The situation that an operator delays the opportunity of closing the oil injection valve to cause excessive adding of lubricating oil or closes the oil injection valve in advance to cause insufficient adding of lubricating oil is avoided.

The invention discloses a coal rock maceral identification method and device, electronic equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a coal rock microscopic image, wherein the coal rock microscopic image comprises a microscopic image under oil immersion reflected light and a microscopic image under fluorescence; the coal rock microscopic image is recognized based on a coal rock maceral recognition model, the coal rock maceral category is determined, and the coal rock maceral recognition model is composed of a multi-scale bimodal convolutional neural network structure. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the coal rock maceral is automatically identified through the idea of multi-scale bimodal fusion, and the method has the advantages of high accuracy, rapidness, simplicity, convenience and high repeatability.

An oil level detection device and an oil-immersed transformer. The oil level detection device that includes a detachable oil tank and an optical oil level gauge is applicable to the oil-immersed transformer. The oil-immersed transformer includes an oil storage device for storage of an insulating oil. The detachable oil tank includes a lower tank body disposed on the oil storage device, and an upper tank body disposed above and in spatial communication with the lower tank body. The lower tank body has a second oil chamber that is in spatial communication with a first oil chamber of the oil storage device for circulation of the insulating oil. The optical oil level gauge is disposed on the upper tank body for projecting a sensing beam onto the insulating oil within the second oil chamber and detecting a height change of an oil surface.

The anti-twisting steel wire rope maintenance and detection all-in-one machine comprises a feeding end, the feeding end is sequentially connected with a cleaning assembly, a detection box and an oil immersion assembly through a steel wire rope, a front end ring is rotationally arranged at the front end in the cleaning assembly, a plurality of cleaning brushes are arranged on the circumference of the right side of the front end ring, and the front ends of the cleaning brushes are rotationally connected with the right side of the front end ring; a spring column is arranged on the outer side of the rear end of the cleaning brush, a rear end ring is rotationally arranged at the outer end of the spring column, a plurality of protruding blocks are evenly arranged on the inner side of the rear end ring, and the outer side of the front end ring is meshed with a first power mechanism through a gear; the detection box comprises a detection box shell, a camera and reflectors, the camera is arranged on the inner side of an upper plate of the detection box shell, the reflectors are arranged at the two corners of the lower portion in the detection box shell, and light sources are arranged on the two side walls in the detection box shell respectively. The device disclosed by the invention can improve the cleaning strength and effect of the cleaning assembly, detect the broken wire of the steel wire rope at low cost and time, shorten the oil draining time and improve the working efficiency.

The invention provides a coal rock maceral identification method and system based on channel-level image fusion, and relates to the technical field of coal rock identification, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining an oil immersion reflected light coal rock microscopic image and a fluorescent coal rock microscopic image; target pixels are defined, pixel blocks, similar to the target pixels, of the oil-immersed reflected light coal rock microscopic image and the fluorescent coal rock microscopic image are obtained, and weighted averaging is conducted on the similar pixel blocks through a non-local mean filtering method; dividing the oil-immersed reflected light coal rock microscopic image and the fluorescent coal rock microscopic image into a plurality of non-overlapping sub-regions, performing histogram equalization on each sub-region, and enhancing the pixel contrast in the sub-region; splicing and fusing all the sub-regions according to the channel level to form an integral fused image; inputting the fused image into a microscopic component identification model based on an improved Mask-RCNN network to realize accurate segmentation of microscopic image components; according to the invention, information loss in a single mode is effectively avoided, and the accuracy of maceral identification is improved.