The invention provides a preparation method of straw pulp by alkaline cooking through a vertical digester without straw cutting. The preparation method comprises the steps of: washing cutting-free straw raw materials, and putting the straw raw materials into the vertical digester; adding a hot alkali solution, and carrying out liquor circulation cooking by using a conventional sulfate method or caustic soda anthraquinone method; when lignin released by the straw raw materials reaches 80-90% by cooking, discharging free black liquor, supplementing a part of an alkali solution for continuous liquor circulation to the cooking temperature, stopping the liquor circulation, and preserving heat until the cooking is finished; and performing conventional pulp washing, so as to obtain unbleached pulp, and conveying the obtained black liquor to an alkali recovery system. According to the preparation method, the straw materials are not cut, and the liquor circulation is unobstructed and the straw materials are uniformly cooked into the pulp in the vertical digester by utilizing good appearance and maintained characteristics of the straw materials before pulping, so that on the premise of ensuring the quality of cooking, the solid matter concentration of the black liquor can be up to more than 12%, the raw material stock loss can be reduced by about 5%, the cooking capability of unit digester volume can be improved by about 10%, the pulp yield and the viscosity are improved by different degrees, and the level of efficient, energy-saving and clean production of the straw pulp is improved significantly.