77 results about "Ktp laser" patented technology

The invention provides a laser plasma sound barrier and magneto-rheological antiknock array collaborative protection method. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, constructing a collaborative protection structure consisting of a laser plasma sound barrier layer and a magneto-rheological antiknock array layer; a shock wave leading signal is detected in real time and input into a preset multi-dimensional feature model, the model dynamically generates a protection strategy, and a sound barrier instruction and an anti-explosion instruction are output respectively. The laser plasma sound barrier layer outputs specific reverse sound waves according to a sound barrier instruction and attenuates shock waves through destructive interference; meanwhile, the magneto-rheological anti-explosion array layer instantaneously solidifies a magnetic field according to an anti-explosion instruction, and shock wave energy is efficiently absorbed. According to the laser plasma sound barrier and magneto-rheological anti-explosion array cooperative protection method provided by the invention, the cooperative protection structure and the preset multi-dimensional feature model are constructed, so that the cooperative effect of the sound barrier and the anti-explosion array is realized, the response speed to shock waves is increased, the energy processing efficiency is improved, and the adaptability and reliability of protection are enhanced.

The invention relates to the technical field of capacitor films. The invention discloses a preparation process of a high-performance polypropylene capacitor film. The preparation process comprises the following steps: A1, preparing a polypropylene capacitor film; a2, carrying out surface cleaning and activation pretreatment on the polypropylene capacitance film; a3, evaporating a gradient modified layer on the surface of the pretreated polypropylene capacitance film; a4, carrying out laser plasma synergistic treatment and crystallinity regulation and control on the modified polypropylene capacitor film; and A5, coating the outer layer of the modified polypropylene capacitance film with a functional layer, and carrying out annealing post-treatment to prepare the high-performance polypropylene capacitance film. The mechanical strength and the electrical stability are improved through nano filler dispersion, two-way stretching and crystallinity regulation and control; through the collaborative design of surface cleaning and activation and a gradient functional layer, excellent interface bonding force and environmental adaptability are given; and by means of technologies such as multi-source evaporation and laser plasma co-processing, precise regulation and control and diversified expansion of the performance are achieved, the method is suitable for various scenes, and the process repeatability is good.

The invention relates to the technical field of photoetching machine chip manufacturing. The invention relates to a method for changing wavelength of light waves by adding a deuterium medium to a photoetching machine. The method is characterized by mainly comprising a glass container (1) and deuterium (2). Light sources such as laser pass through the deuterium (2) in the glass container (1), the deuterium (2) and the light sources such as laser generate resonance, and the resonance generates light with shorter wavelength.

This article is a polishing pad comprising a polishing layer and a cushioning layer laminated together. The partial design features a configuration in which a plate-shaped window made of a transparent material is fitted into a recess formed in the polishing layer, and the product is used by transmitting light such as laser light through the window.

The present application relates to a kind of adjustable thrust and specific impulse of multi-working substance mixed effect laser plasma micro-propeller, solid working substance supply system includes multiple solid working substance, wherein one solid working substance is located in the middle, the rest is uniformly arranged in the periphery of the solid working substance in the middle along the circumferential direction, each solid working substance is fixed on the installation base by fixed assembly B, the material of each solid working substance is two or more than two in metal, high molecular polymer, energy material;Laser system includes control power supply and multiple laser assembly, the number of laser assembly is same with the number of solid working substance, one-to-one correspondence, wherein one laser assembly is located in the middle, the rest is uniformly arranged in the periphery of the laser assembly in the middle along the circumferential direction.The present application can make the thrust and specific impulse generated by propeller can be adjusted in a large range by adjusting the independent action of laser and single solid working substance or the coupling effect of laser and multiple types of solid working substance, satisfy more complex space task.

This application provides a method, apparatus, and accelerator for generating a gas target, relating to the field of laser plasma accelerator technology. The method for generating a gas target includes placing a baffle plate at a gas outlet; accelerating a gas target material and ejecting it through the gas outlet to generate an oblique shock wave, thereby forming a gas target; and using a laser pulse to interact with the gas target to form a wake field composed of plasma, resulting in ionization injection, accelerated phase re-phase, and density gradient injection processes. This application captures accelerated electrons during the ionization injection process in the uniform density distribution section of the gas target, extends the acceleration distance by allowing the electron beam, which has reached a deceleration phase, to return to the acceleration phase during the accelerated phase re-phase process in the density rising section of the gas target, and increases the charge and transverse amplitude of the electron beam during the density gradient injection process in the density falling section of the gas target, thereby efficiently increasing the single-emittance number of Betatron X-rays.

The application relates to a kind of plasma diagnostic method and device based on femtosecond laser filament probe, belong to laser plasma diagnostic technical field, method utilizes the high peak power characteristics of femtosecond laser to form the femtosecond filament probe with only hundred microns in diameter and only several millimeters in length, and the internal substance of plasma can be excited again.Spectra signals when using and not using femtosecond filament probe are collected respectively, and the element information at the position of femtosecond filament probe at this moment is obtained by differentiating the spectrum.By scanning the relative position of femtosecond filament probe and plasma, the material content information at different spatial positions in plasma can be obtained, and by changing the delay time when femtosecond laser pulse and plasma are generated, the material distribution information in plasma at different time can be obtained, and the four-dimensional distribution information of the material in plasma can be obtained by coincidence of the spectrum under different positions and different delay times.

The invention relates to a technology for enhancing the cohesiveness of a carbon-carbon matrix and a SiC ceramic powder coating, and relates to the technical field of high-end brake materials, and the specific bonding steps are as follows: taking a carbon fiber preform plate as a raw material, placing in an isothermal chemical vapor deposition furnace, depositing for 150-200 hours at 1000-1100 DEG C and normal pressure, and increasing the density to 1.3 g / cm < 3 > to obtain a carbon / carbon composite material blank; according to the technology for enhancing the cohesiveness of the carbon-carbon matrix and the SiC ceramic powder coating, coating preparation is completed through three steps of CNC mechanical slotting, phenolic resin-SiC powder hot pressing and primary fusion siliconizing, and laser / plasma surface modification or 1-5 [mu] m isotropic carbon transition layer deposition needed in the prior art is completely replaced; equipment is simplified from a laser / plasma or high-temperature CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) system to a conventional CNC (Computer Numerical Control), a hot press and a siliconizing furnace, and the investment of a single production line is reduced by more than 30%; the production period is shortened from 7-10 days to 2-3 days, manpower and energy consumption are synchronously reduced, the unit cost is reduced by 25%-40%, and low-cost and large-scale industrial production is truly achieved.

The invention provides an image bright field correction method and device for a laser plasma accelerator, electronic equipment and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of X-ray imaging. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring dark fields and initial X-ray beam spot images of an X-ray bright field calibration detector and an X-ray imaging detector to obtain coordinates of an initial X-ray beam spot center; under the condition that the imaging sample is moved in, a real-time unprocessed X-ray beam spot image obtained by the X-ray bright field calibration detector and a real-time unprocessed projection image obtained by the X-ray imaging detector are obtained, so that a real-time beam spot image and a real-time imaging image are obtained, and coordinates of a real-time X-ray beam spot center are obtained; according to the coordinate difference between the real-time X-ray beam spot center and the initial X-ray beam spot center, the X-ray beam spot center is obtained, and a final real-time projection image is obtained. According to the invention, the accuracy of bright field correction is improved by measuring the X-ray beam spot in real time and combining geometric space mapping and coordinate transformation.

The utility model discloses a laser obstacle removing device, which relates to the technical field of laser equipment, and comprises an optical ranging aiming lens, a laser emission lens, an electric holder and a control panel, and the optical ranging aiming lens and the electric holder are respectively arranged at the top and the bottom of the laser emission lens. The optical ranging aiming lens is used for measuring the distance between the laser obstacle removing device and a target, a distance signal is used as a focusing parameter to guide the laser emitting lens to focus, the optical ranging aiming lens transmits a target image back to the control panel, and the laser emitting lens is used for bearing input and output of high-energy laser. The focus of a laser beam is adjusted through a distance signal of an optical ranging aiming lens, the electric holder has the rotating freedom degree in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, the functions of system rotation, aiming, laser focusing and emitting and the like are achieved through a control panel, and the problems that a laser obstacle removing device is complex in structure, not attractive in appearance, incomplete in function and high in practicability are solved. And the operation is troublesome.

A laser-plasma synergistic surface treatment method for CFRP / titanium alloy heterojunctions belongs to the field of heteromaterial bonding technology. First, nanosecond pulsed lasers are used to etch the surfaces of CFRP and titanium alloy to be bonded, constructing a micro-nano composite structure. Then, atmospheric pressure cold plasma is used to activate the etched surfaces, grafting polar functional groups. Finally, the two are bonded and cured using an adhesive. This invention achieves a dual enhancement effect of "mechanical interlocking" and "chemical bonding" by organically combining "laser etching to construct micro-nano physical structures" and "plasma activation to introduce chemical functional groups," significantly improving the interfacial bonding strength of CFRP / titanium alloy heterojunctions. Compared with single treatment methods, this invention can increase the joint shear strength by more than 38%, and the failure mode changes from interfacial failure to cohesive failure. It has advantages such as environmentally friendly process, good controllability, and significant effects, and has broad application prospects in aerospace, high-end equipment manufacturing, and other fields.

The invention discloses a controlled aerosol laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection method and device, and relates to the technical field of laser plasma emission spectroscopy. The method comprises the following steps: placing a to-be-detected sample with fixed mass in a closed cavity filled with inert gas; ablating all the to-be-detected samples in the closed cavity by using laser with fixed wavelength, mixing ablated to-be-detected sample particles with inert gas to form aerosol with uniform mass density, and exciting the aerosol to form plasma; the plasma spontaneously emits light; one or more of pressure intensity, double-pulse excitation and resonance excitation in the closed cavity are regulated and controlled, so that the intensity of light emitted by the plasma is enhanced; and obtaining the content of the to-be-analyzed element in the to-be-detected sample according to the intensity-enhanced plasma emitted light. According to the method, the influence of the matrix effect on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology can be reduced, and the quantification accuracy is improved.

This invention provides a frequency-domain shaping laser-plasma resonance sintering system using aerosol jetting. The localized strong electromagnetic field excited by LSPR can induce electron cloud rearrangement and chemical bond reconstruction at the interface of adjacent nanoparticles, forming an atomic-level interdiffusion transition layer. This invention precisely controls the laser wavelength through frequency-domain shaping technology to match the LSPR characteristic peaks of the nanoparticles, maximizing the local electromagnetic field enhancement effect. This allows for the completion of nanoparticle melting and necking formation at ultra-low laser power, overcoming the energy efficiency limitations of traditional post-processing techniques such as high-temperature furnace heating. Simultaneously, this process is completed within the femtosecond to picosecond timescale, avoiding component segregation caused by high-temperature thermal diffusion and significantly improving the bonding strength of the nanoparticle interface. Furthermore, it achieves nanoscale selective heating, completing particle melting and necking formation at ultra-low laser power, avoiding overall thermal damage.

This article is a polishing pad comprising a polishing layer and a cushioning layer laminated together. The partial design features a configuration in which a plate-shaped window made of a transparent material is fitted into a recess formed in the polishing layer, and the product is used by transmitting light such as laser light through the window.

The present application relates to the field of micro-nano fluid, in particular to a cavitation bubble periodic generation method based on laser plasmon effect. The method uses continuous wave laser in plasmon resonance wave band, which is focused by a microscope objective and irradiated to the surface of a fused quartz sample covered with noble metal nanoparticles placed in liquid water environment; the laser spot is positioned near the solid object on the sample surface in advance, and the laser is turned on, the laser with power exceeding the threshold value will induce micron-scale cavitation bubble nucleation, growth and collapse at the laser spot position; the solid object near the laser spot as the flow field boundary will make the bubble produce movement towards the solid object during the collapse process, so that the bubble nucleus after collapse is pinned out of the laser spot area; the laser spot area is covered by liquid again, and under the condition of continuous laser energy input, cavitation bubble nucleation can be induced again at the laser spot position, thus forming a high-frequency, periodic cavitation bubble nucleation, growth and collapse process. The operation of the present application to realize the periodic generation of cavitation bubbles is very simple and easy to realize, can produce strong disturbance to the local fluid, and can realize the control of the generation frequency, size, periodic generation area range size of cavitation bubbles.

The application relates to a linear sweep frequency laser generating device, which comprises a semiconductor laser, a driving circuit, a laser beam splitter, a laser frequency discriminator unit, a radio frequency signal generating unit and a laser frequency shift unit; the semiconductor laser is controlled by the driving circuit to generate sweep frequency laser, and is divided into two beams by the laser beam splitter and enters the laser frequency discriminator unit and the laser frequency shift unit respectively; the laser frequency discriminator unit extracts a nonlinear sweep frequency component of the sweep frequency laser and generates a control signal to control the radio frequency signal generating unit; the radio frequency signal generating unit generates a radio frequency signal with a frequency opposite to that of the nonlinear sweep frequency component according to the control signal to drive the laser frequency shift unit; the laser frequency shift unit modulates the frequency of the radio frequency signal on the input light frequency to offset the nonlinear sweep frequency component of the sweep frequency laser and output linear sweep frequency laser. Compared with the prior art, the application has the advantages of high sweep frequency rate, large sweep frequency range and linear sweep frequency laser.

A kind of synchronous timing control system for strong laser plasma interaction experiment, including a femtosecond laser device, a square wave signal generator, a jet signal synchronizer, three delay timers, a 12-way signal synchronizer, two shutter controllers, a YAG laser, a jet controller, multiple experimental acquisition instruments including an electron spectrometer, a rear imaging CCD, a spectrometer CCD.The present application is mainly applied to the field of strong laser plasma interaction, which can accurately control the interaction time of femtosecond laser pulse and nanosecond gate plasma channel, and accurately control the start acquisition time and acquisition duration of various experimental data, improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and the whole timing system is very easy to adjust.The present application also has strong expansibility, when ionized gas is not needed to form plasma channel, the 1Hz pulse signal timing of the right half of the dashed line can be removed, so that the interaction time of femtosecond laser pulse and millisecond gate jet gas can be accurately controlled.The expansibility of the present application is also reflected in that enough output ports have been reserved, and suitable functional elements can be connected subsequently.

The invention relates to the technical field of trenchless engineering, and discloses a long-distance heat distribution pipeline pipe-jacking track control system for complex geology, which comprises an ultrashort pulse laser used for generating a stable laser plasma channel along a pipe-jacking design axis as an absolute linear reference; the track correction module is used for correcting the accumulated error of the inertial navigation unit on line according to the detection result of a position sensitive detector on the pipe jacking machine on the channel; the sensing array self-calibration module is used for carrying out on-line self-calibration of three-dimensional coordinates on the distributed optical fiber earth sound sensing array laid along the line by using acoustic shock waves generated during channel generation; and the geological feed-forward module is used for processing the tunneling vibration signal by using the calibrated sensing array to generate a front geological model. According to the method, the problems of inertial navigation error accumulation and insufficient geological prediction capability are solved, and the precision and stability of long-distance pipe jacking track control are remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a monochromator system based on a transmission grating, which comprises a monochromator chamber, two ends of the interior of the monochromator chamber are respectively provided with a slit entering frame and a grating adjusting frame, a mirror bracket is arranged between the slit entering frame and the grating adjusting frame, a focusing toroidal mirror is arranged on the mirror bracket, and the transmission grating is arranged on the grating adjusting frame. An extension rod is arranged at the front end of the monochromator chamber, and a light source is arranged at the end of the extension rod. The device has the advantages that under the condition that the solid angle of the transmission grating is not changed, the incidence angle of the grating is changed through the rotation angle of the grating adjusting frame, light with different wavelengths is output at the same angle after being focused, it is guaranteed that the focused light can be output through the fixed outlet seam, and the device is compact in structure, low in cost and convenient to use. Precise diffraction and stable focusing of soft X-rays can be achieved, and the method is applied to a laser plasma light source and meets the application requirement of the ultra-fast soft X-ray absorption spectrum technology.

The invention relates to a distance measurement method based on reflection object setting, which is particularly suitable for measuring the distance from a top opening of a cave scene to the surface of a medium object (such as liquid media as water, oil and the like) below the top opening. The method is characterized in that a reflection object is arranged, and a plane block which is good in reflection property and large in area is arranged and can efficiently feed back sound waves, electromagnetic waves, infrared rays or lasers and the like emitted by the distance measuring device; a regular geometrical shape is provided, so that the volume and the height are convenient to calculate; the overall density of the reflecting object is smaller than the density of the medium object below, so that the reflecting object can float on the medium object conveniently. Then, an equipment base is fixed at the top opening of the cave scene, and a distance measuring device capable of emitting sound waves, electromagnetic waves, infrared rays or laser and the like, a traction device capable of stretching a reflecting object and the reflecting object connected by a rope are installed; during measurement, the reflection object is moved, and when it is monitored that the reflection object reaches the surface of the lower medium object, the distance from the top opening of the cave scene to the surface of the lower medium object can be obtained with high quality.

The utility model relates to a laser with adjustable light field distribution. The laser with the adjustable light field distribution comprises a pumping source, a controller, a laser crystal and an output coupling mirror, and the controller is connected with the pumping source and used for controlling the output power and time of the pumping source; the laser crystal is arranged on a pumping laser optical axis output by the pumping source, and the output coupling mirror is also arranged on the pumping laser optical axis and located behind the laser crystal. According to the laser with the adjustable light field distribution, the pumping light with different light spot shapes is output through the pumping source, and the controller is combined to adjust the output power and time of the pumping source, so that laser with different light spot shapes, different power sizes and different output forms, such as continuous laser or pulse laser, can be obtained; the laser with adjustable light field distribution is realized.

Provided is an illumination device having a sufficiently large irradiation angle and a uniform light intensity within a predetermined range even when a light source using light having a small external expansion angle such as laser light or light close to parallel light is used. The illumination device includes a light source having at least one light emitting unit; a first optical element that receives light emitted from the light source and increases the emission angle of the light; and a second optical element that receives light emitted from the first optical element and further increases the irradiation angle of the light.

The invention belongs to the technical field of multi-channel spliced spectrum background deduction methods, and particularly relates to a laser plasma multi-channel spliced spectrum background deduction method, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring multi-channel original spectrum data, and performing preprocessing operations of wavelength resampling, noise filtering and abnormal point elimination on the original spectrum data to obtain a background deduction result; obtaining preprocessed spectral data; calculating multi-domain statistical characteristics based on the preprocessed spectral data, and generating a multi-domain auto-covariance structural element length field; the multi-domain statistical characteristics comprise the first-order difference, the second-order difference, the first-order difference variance, the second-order difference variance and the first-order and second-order difference covariance of the spectrum and the neighborhood of the spectrum; and performing multi-scale morphological opening operation on the preprocessed spectral data to obtain multi-scale upper and lower envelopes, determining a fusion weight based on a local amplitude unbalance degree, and fusing the upper and lower envelopes to obtain an initial morphological background envelope.

The application discloses a method for removing glue film from a defect in a mask substrate, and relates to the technical field of mask substrates. The method is used to solve the problem of poor glue film removal effect in the defect area of the mask substrate. The method realizes all-around capture of defect types, sizes, positions and three-dimensional morphologies through global scanning, three-dimensional data acquisition, microscopic morphology recording and coordinate correlation. The method matches lasers, plasmas and other equipment according to different defect characteristics, adjusts core parameters and environmental parameters, and combines real-time monitoring to ensure the stability of the glue removal process. The method not only ensures complete removal of the defect, but also reduces damage to normal glue film and the substrate. After glue removal, the remaining impurities are removed through multiple steps of cleaning, and the glue removal effect is verified through global scanning and three-dimensional profile detection. The method combines a secondary processing mechanism to ensure that unqualified areas are corrected.

This invention relates to a polarization-tunable ultrashort, ultra-intense mid-infrared pulse system, comprising: a laser source for generating an incident laser beam, wherein the incident laser beam is a linearly polarized laser; a plasma unit for providing a plasma environment for the transmission of the incident laser; and a magnetic field generating unit for providing a unidirectional magnetizing magnetic field to the plasma environment. The polarization direction of the incident laser is set at an angle to the magnetization direction of the magnetic field. The incident laser, based on the unidirectionally magnetized plasma environment, generates a circularly polarized mid-infrared pulse using relativistic magnetic birefringence or the Faraday effect. This scheme generates polarization-tunable, relativistically intense, short-period, long-wavelength mid-infrared pulses through the interaction of linearly polarized laser and unidirectionally magnetized plasma. It maintains high pulse quality while achieving precise control of the mid-infrared pulse polarization state.

The embodiment of the invention discloses an optical system for realizing multi-path laser equant output. The optical system comprises a laser used for emitting laser beams, a plurality of 45-degree total reflective mirrors used for totally reflecting the laser beams and a plurality of 45-degree transflective mirrors used for semi-transmitting and semi-reflecting the laser beams, and the plurality of total reflective mirrors and the plurality of transflective mirrors equally divide one path of laser beams emitted by the laser into N paths of equally-divided output light beams, n is equal to 4 * 2m, and m is an integer larger than or equal to 0. According to the optical system provided by the embodiment of the invention, through flexible combination of the transflective mirror and the total reflective mirror, a beam of high-power laser is equally divided into multiple paths as required, and the optical system has the characteristics of high efficiency, high flexibility and easiness in expansion.

The invention relates to the technical field of laser ion sources, and particularly discloses an embedded solenoid laser ion source device, which comprises a laser, an outer target chamber assembly, an inner target chamber assembly, a vacuumizing assembly, a target, a mobile platform and a beam current interception assembly, and is characterized in that the inner target chamber assembly comprises a first cavity, an ion inner extraction pipeline, a solenoid and a focusing lens; the solenoid, the target and the focusing lens are all located in the first cavity, a first supporting frame and a second supporting frame are arranged in the first cavity, the focusing lens is fixedly arranged on the first supporting frame, and the solenoid is fixedly arranged on the second supporting frame; the focusing lens is located between the solenoid and the target, the target is arranged on the mobile platform, and the mobile platform is used for adjusting the position of the target; according to the device, the solenoid is arranged in the limited inner target chamber space of the laser ion source, so that the problem of loss of a large amount of ions caused by free expansion of laser plasmas in the inner target chamber in the traditional laser ion source is solved.

This invention discloses a closed-loop precise control method and system for laser-induced acoustic pressure wave (APW) in complex intravascular lesions. This method belongs to the field of laser medical technology. This application employs a physical model for APW generation coupled with a laser-plasma-liquid medium, and designs an APW simulation calculation and tunable laser control system based on this model. By adjusting parameters such as the wavelength, pulse width, and peak power density of the tunable laser, precise forward control of the generated APW intensity is achieved. Simultaneously, based on the target APW intensity required clinically, the optimal laser parameter combination can be iteratively calculated in reverse, forming a closed-loop design from "treatment target" to "laser parameters." This invention combines a laser physical model with clinical needs, realizing the quantification, predictability, and controllability of APW intensity, providing a precise and intelligent technical solution for the treatment of intravascular calcification. It can significantly simplify physician operations and improve the safety and effectiveness of treatment.

The present application relates to a kind of gain laser plasma light filaments cleaning method, for cleaning substrate, the method includes the following steps: the direction of parallel substrate surface exports laser beam;Gain gas is transported to closed cleaning chamber and pressurized, the laser beam passes through the gain gas in the closed cleaning chamber, to form the gain light filament that the substrate surface is cleaned to the substrate surface. By passing through the closed cleaning chamber filled with gain gas and pressurized, the gain light filament with longer length and wider spectral width is formed, and acts on the substrate surface to be cleaned, to realize more efficient cleaning.

The invention discloses a surveying and mapping product generation method and system for low-altitude economy, and the method comprises the steps: synchronously collecting multi-source data through low-altitude economy equipment, guaranteeing the time-space consistency of the data, enabling the data of images, laser, IMU and the like to work and cooperate with each other, and achieving the effective fusion; besides, IMU data, moving station data and base station data are integrated through integrated navigation solution, the IMU compensates for positioning information when GNSS signals are lost, the GNSS corrects IMU accumulative errors, and the advantages complement each other to improve the equipment positioning and attitude measurement precision; in addition, combined navigation solution, point cloud generation and the like are firstly used as a foundation for image correction and model generation, intermediate links are reduced, and the efficiency is improved; meanwhile, accurate generation of an image parameter list and three-dimensional point cloud is guaranteed through an accurate position and posture file, a foundation is laid for subsequent mapping, aerial triangulation adjustment calculation is carried out according to the accurate image parameter list and geometric deformation is eliminated when a digital orthoimage map is generated, and finally high-quality generation of a surveying and mapping product is guaranteed.