The invention discloses a fine management system for optimizing a cement clinker production process. The fine management system is composed of a preheater outlet waste gas monitoring module, a kiln tail flue gas monitoring module, a field computer, a communication module, a central control room computer, a cloud network, a handheld intelligent terminal, a clinker camera, an image analysis module,an in-kiln waste gas component display unit, a decomposing furnace outlet temperature control unit, a grate cooler material layer thickness control unit, a cement kiln firing zone temperature displayunit, a decomposing furnace coal feeding and weighing device, a kiln head coal feeding and weighing device, a raw material feeding and weighing device, a decomposing furnace outlet temperature measuring unit, a grate cooler material scraping plate control unit and a grate bed lower pressure measuring unit. According to the system, the most key clinker production link process optimization in the cement industry can be realized, the fine management is realized, homogenization stability, quality improvement and production improvement are realized under the maximum equipment capacity, the utilization rate of the equipment is improved, the energy consumption is reduced to the maximum extent, emission is reduced, and the goal of green cement is achieved. The invention further provides a fine management method for optimizing the cement clinker production process.