The invention discloses a silver nanoparticles-assembled monolayer inverse opal structure, and a preparation method and a use thereof. The structure is a rod-shaped substance composed of an alumina hemispherical shell, a gold film and silver nanoparticls which are sequentially coated on a substrate, wherein the substrate is a conductive substrate, the diameter of the alumina hemispherical shell is 100 nm to 10 [mu]m, the thickness of the spherical shell is 50-500 nm, the thickness of the gold film is more than or equal to 5 nm, the thickness of the gold nanoparticles is 10-30 nm, and the rod-shaped substance is a hemispherical-bottomed strip formed by serially connecting the silver nanoparticles and a hemispherical-shelled rod formed by accumulating the silver nanoparticles and having two tapered ends. The method comprises the following steps: synthesizing a single layer of colloidal crystals on the substrate, filling gaps among the colloidal spheres with an aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate, using a chemical or physical technology to remove the monolayer colloidal crystal template, annealing the obtained material, coating the annealed material with the gold film, and carrying out electrodeposition in a silver electrolyte by using the coated material as a cathode and a graphite sheet as an anode to prepare the target product. The product has a stable structure, and can be easily and commercially widely applied to the rapid detection of a tiny amount of pesticide residues in vegetables.