The invention discloses a preparation method of regenerated cellulose fiber subjected to cation grafting modification and salt-free dyeing, which adopts cellulose pulp as a main raw material, and orderly comprises the following procedures of dipping, squeezing, crushing, aging, yellowing, dissolving, filtering, defoaming, spinning, post-treatment, and drying; a cellulose cation modifier is added in the dissolving procedure or the spinning procedure; the cellulose cation modifier is one or a mixture of more than one of an amination reagent, a quaternization reagent, a azetidine cation compound, and a modified natural cation reagent. Therefore, the method of the invention prevents the disadvantages of dye waste, uneven dyeing, and the like caused by the adoption of dyes with multiple active groups, and also prevents the problem of process flow increasing caused by the adoption of a pretreatment mode.