The invention discloses a hydrogel fiber based on luminescent MOFs, a preparation method therefor and a sensing device. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: uniformly mixing MOFs microcrystal grains into hydrogel precursors; injecting the hydrogel precursors into a coaxial double barrel; extruding a core-package structure cylinder with suitable size from the outlet of the barrel by an extrusion method or a biomaterial 3D printer; inserting one end of a common quartz fiber coaxially into the side core layer of the core-package structure cylinder; and obtaining the hydrogel fiber with a common fiber pigtail after curing. The sensing device comprises an excitation light source, a Y-type fiber, a delay fiber, a fiber connection, a hydrogel fiber, a long pass filter, a fluorescence spectrometer, and a signal processing unit. According to the overall technical scheme, high-selectivity fluorescence sensing of all-fiber can be constructed and realized, and in situ, real-time, remote and even living body fluorescence detection and sensing are realized, and the sensing applicability of the luminescent MOFs material is improved.