157results about How to "The method is efficient" patented technology

The invention discloses a full automatic wafer test method and a device to realize the test method. The method includes the following steps: scanning a spool box, drawing chips, rough adjusting, sending the chips, accuracy alignment, testing and replacing the wafer. The device to realize the full automatic wafer test method consists of a chip placing and counting device arranged on a stander, a wafer transmission device arranged on a stander at one side of the chip placing and counting device, and a wafer test platform device arranged at one side of the wafer transmission device and matched with the transmission device. The method has the advantages of high efficiency, low test cost, high automation and accurate test result.

The invention belongs to the field of electrochemistry battery, and more specifically relates to a black phosphorus nanosheet-graphene composite film anode used for flexible lithium ion batteries, and a preparation method thereof. According to the preparation method, high purity and large scale black phosphorus blocks are synthesized via mineral substance assistant vapor transporting method with high efficiency; a large amount of clean and high quality black phosphorus sheets are prepared in water via ultrasound treatment; the clean and high quality black phosphorus sheets and high conductive graphene nanosheets prepared via intercalation stripping method are subjected to mixing ultrasonic dispersion; and flexible high-strength laminated composite film is prepared via vacuum filtration. The preparation process of the flexible high-strength laminated composite film is simple and controllable; large scale low cost preparation can be realized; black phosphorus nanosheets are high in capacity, graphene is high in electrical conductivity, and the black phosphorus nanosheets and graphene both possess two-dimensional structures high in flexibility and strength, so that problems the black phosphorus is poor in electrical conductivity and stability are solved, lithium ion battery capacity, cycling stability, and entire energy density are increased, and lithium ion battery electrode integrated flexible design is realized.

The invention discloses a method for creating an object-oriented customized three-dimensional human body model. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring images of a human body object at the same moment at different angles by a plurality of synchronization cameras and rebuilding a three-dimensional feature point cloud of a human body from the images by adopting a three-dimensional rebuilding method; matching a simple three-dimensional human body model onto the three-dimensional feature point cloud by adopting a pose estimation method on the basis of a model; according to a matching result of the three-dimensional human body model and the point cloud, detecting all main human body positions and joint positions and dividing the human body to form all of the part; according to the detected human body positions and joint positions, generating a human body skeleton for driving the human body model; regulating and amending the joint positions. The method for creating the object-oriented customized three-dimensional human body model, disclosed by the invention, solves the problems of shortage of matching degree and adaptability of an existing three-dimensional human body model on the specific human body object and can create the three-dimensional human body model completely coincided with the feature dimension of the human body object.

The invention discloses a vector sgRNA CRISPR / Cas9 relevant with character of rice reddish brown glume, vector construction and application, for overcoming the defect that rice with reddish brown glume can be acquired only on the condition of mutation of two alleles OsCHi. The invention provides an sgRNA segment which comprises a gRNA of which specificity is targeted to the fifth exon of cinnamylalcohol dehydrogenase(CAD) gene of rice; the sgRNA refers to T1, T2 and T3 specifically. The invention further provides a CRISPR / Cas9 gene editing vector comprising the sgRNA and a construction methodof the vector. The vector can edit cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD) gene of rice. Besides, application of the segments and the vector in acquiring rice having characters of reddish brown glume andstem earing, and primer sequence for detecting CRISPR / Cas9-CAD gene reconstruction are also provided. According to the invention, conventional breeding cost can be reduced, mechanization level of hybrid rice seed production can be improved, and seeding cycle can be shortened.

Provided is an SPEN (spatiotemporally-encoded) single-scanning magnetic resonance imaging spiral sampling and reconstructing method, relating to a magnetic resonance imaging method. 90 DEG linear scanning pulses and 180 DEG linear scanning pulses combine with corresponding SPEN gradients, and in a trigger period, protons in a space spin to obtain a quadratic phase relevant with a spatial position; in a sampling period, a spiral sampling gradient after optimization collets data, and obtains spatial domain magnetic resonance imaging data with T2*weighting in a superfast speed; and finally, spiral sampling data are reconstructed through a specific grid algorithm and a super-resolution reconstructing method based on compression perception, so as to obtain super-resolution high quality magnetic resonance images. The method greatly improves the image quality of SPEN single-scanning imaging, and provides a great imaging tool for the fields requiring superfast imaging.

The invention discloses a three-dimensional model retrieval method based on medial axis point set layered spiral information. The method extracts the medial axis point set layered spiral information as characteristic descriptors, and uses a multi-grade weighting similarity matching method which is based on Hausdorff distance for measuring the similarity of three-dimensional models. Firstly, the coordinate standardization and voxelization pretreatment of the three-dimensional models in a three-dimensional model database is implemented; and then the characteristics of the three-dimensional models are extracted and turned into the characteristic descriptors so as to generate a characteristic database; when in retrieval, the three-dimensional model sent by users is subject to standardization, voxelization and characteristic extraction sequentially according to the above steps and method so as to obtain the characteristic descriptors of the three-dimensional model; finally, the characteristic descriptors are matched with the characteristic in the characteristic database to generate retrieval results. The method has the advantages that the description of shape characteristic is more complete, the comparison of shape characteristic descriptors is simplified to the problem of distance calculation of vectors of different length and the method has good performance and high efficiency.

The invention belongs to the synthetic chemistry field, in particular to a synthesis process for ruthenium mixed-pyridine complex and derivative. Mixed-pyridine in ruthenium mixed-pyridine complex has two structures of (I) and (II), and the process comprises reacting ruthenium material and combined mixed-pyridine complex with various substituent position, complex kind (two teeth or three teeth, namely bipyridyl or terpyridyl material) and substituent property, and salt or water such as NCS, F, C1, Br, I and CN in a sealed reaction device which can be heated up and pressurized in one step or several steps for 0.5-48 hours under the temperature of 50-300 DEG C, thereby obtaining target product. The invention provides a high pressure synthesis process, which does not need a condensing reflux device, continuous inactive gas supply and inert atmosphere protection and has simple process. The process can increase reaction temperature over the boiling temperature of reaction solution in necessary, namely the boiling temperature relative to constant pressure, and has high reaction speed rate.

The invention relates to a laser image linear feature extraction method. On the basis of a split-and-merge method, the efficiency of the method is improved through adaptive neighbor point set detection, line segment cutting is carried out with the use of a split-and-merge fuzzy method to improve the sensitivity of the method to parameters, and finally, a least square method is adopted to fit parameters under a polar coordinate system of each line segment in an environment. The method comprises the four major steps of neighbor point set detection, line segment cutting, least square linear fitting and linear fitting error calculation. The method implementation result shows that: when a line segment contains a large number of points, the result is accurate, the vast majority of line error is very small, the polar radius error is less than 1mm, the angle error is less than 0.01rad, and the fitting effect is good. Compared with a traditional straight line extraction method, the linear feature extraction method based on the laser sensor has the following advantages: (1) the number of iteration times of the method is reduced and the efficiency of the method is improved; (2) the robustness of the method is greatly improved; and (3) the line segment extraction precision is improved.

The invention discloses a method for measuring spherical object geometric parameters by use of lasers and a monocular camera. The method comprises the following steps: arranging the camera and the more than three lasers, enabling laser beams emitted by the lasers to irradiate on an object, wherein the laser beams are not coplanar and the orientation of the camera is the same as the directions of the lasers; defining a world coordinate system Ow and a camera coordinate system Oc, and determining an internal parameter matrix of the camera and a conversion relation between the camera coordinate system and the world coordinate system; defining an image two-dimensional coordinate system, enabling the camera to acquire points formed when the laser beams are irradiated on the object, and obtaining coordinates of the laser points under an the image coordinate system and circle center coordinates of the object on an image; and calculating geometric parameters of the object through a geometric relation and a camera-image conversion relation. Compared to a conventional monocular measurement method, the method provided by the invention has the following advantages: object information does not have to be obtained in advance, and the method is applied to measurement of non-texture non-cooperative object. Compared to a conventional binocular measurement method, the method provided by the invention has the advantages of higher efficiency and stability and better fault tolerance and robustness.

The invention discloses an image distortion correction method based on single sweep quadrature space-time coding magnetic resonance imaging. The method comprises steps of enabling protons to spin in the space to obtain a secondary phase related to the space position in the triggering stage by combining 90-degree and 180-degree linear sweep frequency pulse (chirp pulses) with an orthogonally distributed space encoding gradient, in a sampling stage, performing data sampling through positive and negative gradient echo train lengths which switch quickly to quickly obtain T2-weighted spatial domain magnetic resonance imaging data, performing reconstruction and correction on the distorted magnetic resonance images through a reconstruction algorithm of high resolution and an image distortion correction method so as to obtain a quality magnetic resonance image with high resolution. The image distortion correction method based on quadrature space-time coding magnetic resonance imaging provided by the invention can not only perform distortion correction according to own data without extra reference scanning, but also have capabilities of resisting a non-uniform field and operating normally in a strong non-uniform field.

The invention belongs to the field of box culvert pouring, and provides an integral hydraulic formwork applied to box culvert prefabrication. The integral hydraulic formwork comprises an internal formwork component, a bottom formwork component, an external formwork component, an end formwork component and a retaining formwork component; the internal formwork component includes internal formworks and an internal top formwork; the internal formworks include the first internal formwork and the second internal formwork; the bottom formwork component includes a bottom formwork; the external formwork component includes external formworks; the external formworks include the first external formwork and the second external formwork; the retaining formwork component includes a first retaining formwork and a second retaining formwork; the end formwork component includes a convex end formwork and a concave end formwork; and the space enclosed by the first external formwork, the second external formwork, the first internal formwork, the second internal formwork, the internal top formwork, the bottom formwork, the first retaining formwork, the second retaining formwork, the convex end formwork and the concave end formwork is used for pouring concrete. By mean of the integral hydraulic formwork applied to box culvert prefabrication, the prefabrication quality is high and stable, the adopted set shaped steel formwork has high surface rigidity, is not prone to deforming, and has good flatness.

The invention pertains to the field of reverse project and program analysis, in particular to a method for recognizing a recycling structure which can disassemble executive files and then get intermediate codes of the executive files. Control flow information is extracted from the intermediate codes, thus obtaining a control flow chart; the control flow chart is deeply optimized and compiled, thus recognizing recycling nodes; the most internal recycling head node of the node is marked; the corresponding control flow chart is recognized as a recycling structure. The method can effectively judge the recycling structure and the embedded relationship between recycling structures, thus further effectively structuring the program control flow chart. The method can be used in decompiling, software testing, and etc. equipment.

The invention discloses a method for dynamic modeling for sea ice in a navigation simulator scene. The method for the dynamic modeling for the sea ice in the navigation simulator scene comprises the following steps of dynamically managing a whole sea ice field based on a quadtree space partition technology, confirming a state of a sea ice model and carrying out dynamic brash ice modeling on a single body ice breaking model. According to the method for the dynamic modeling for the sea ice in the navigation simulator scene, a quadtree technology is applied to the scene management of repetition models, due to the fact that the generation, breaking, melting and freezing in the sea ice model are extremely suitable for the storage of property structures, the whole sea ice face can be taken as a single layer, an octree which is more complex is not necessary to be used for managing three-dimensional scenes, the function of early stage simplification is performed on the subsequent breaking, freezing, melting and other dynamic processes, and thus the real-time performance of a visual system is greatly improved and optimized. According to the method for the dynamic modeling for the sea ice in the navigation simulator scene, a Voronoi image algorithm is optimized and then added and applied to sea ice dynamic modeling so that relative realistic situations meeting actual natural conditions can be formed in a breaking model when collision between ships and ice occurs, and thus the sense of reality of sea ice breaking is enhanced.

The invention provides a multi-mode three-dimensional image registration and fusion display method, and relates to the technical field of digital medical treatment. The method comprises the followingsteps: firstly, acquiring a multi-modal three-dimensional image of a patient to be subjected to an operation, and extracting an edge feature image of the multi-modal three-dimensional image by using an edge detection method; Performing downsampling on the edge feature image to obtain edge feature point cloud of the patient multi-modal three-dimensional image; Constructing a to-be-registered pointcloud into a Gaussian mixture model, and calculating a to-be-optimized point cloud probability density function; Optimizing the probability density function by using an EM method to obtain registration parameters among the multi-modal three-dimensional images; And finally, carrying out fusion display on the multi-modal three-dimensional image by using a wavelet transformation method. The method issimple and convenient to operate, low in cost, accurate in registration result and high in practical value.

The invention relates to a method for individual cow identification, and relates to an image identification method in image data processing. The method comprises the following steps: collecting cow video data; converting the cow video data into an image sequence, and normalizing the image sequence; extracting four different component features of individual cows through wavelet transform; reducing the dimension of the four different component features through an improved KPCA method; carrying out weighting fusion on the four different component features; dividing image feature data into a training set and a test set; carrying out SVM training and SVM testing; and finally, identifying individual cows. The method overcomes the problem in the prior art that the intelligent identification method for individual cows still adopts a general image processing method instead of a suitable image processing method selected according to the individual characteristics of cows and especially the unique black-and-white patterns of cows, which results in low accuracy of individual cow identification.

A die pressing method for preparing artworks from the vegetative waste includes such steps as breaking raw vegetative waste, mixing with amino resin, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, coloring agent, and calcium carbonate nanoparticles, baking, pulverizing, die pressing, and post treating. Its apparatus is composed of powder delivering pipe, induction valve, quantitative induction hopper, upper and lower dies and their holding plates, feeding controller, discharging suction cup and manipulator, control box with meters and push buttons, conveying belt, movable bench, vertical columns, and cylinder.

The invention relates to a process for fibrillating lignocellulosic material wherein the process comprises treating lignocellulosic material with ionic liquid and recovering basically intact fibres of said lignocellulosic material. Another object of the invention is to provide an activated and / or basically intact fibre wherein the lignocellulosic material is treated with ionic liquid and a basically intact fibre of said lignocellulosic material is recovered. The invention further relates to the use of the basically intact fibre of the invention in the production of bio-based materials, preferably bio-plastics, more preferably conductive polymers, stimuli-responsive polymers, bio-based polymer composites, ceramics, fabrics, or elastomers. A process for producing paper, board, pulp or the like from fibers of lignocellulosic material which have been treated with ionic liquid and recovered as basically intact fibres is also enclosed.

The invention discloses an object-oriented three-dimensional scene view cone removing method, which comprises the following steps: firstly, analyzing a three-dimensional scene camera to obtain geometric information of a view cone; converting the scene content from a world coordinate system into a camera space coordinate system through rigid transformation; projecting the converted content and thecamera view cone to an X-Z plane of a camera coordinate system; constructing a model node object by combining bounding box information and lightweight attribute information to construct a quadtree structure; and then determining a visual area according to the geometric information of the view cone, finally judging the position relationship between the visual area and the model node object throughan odd-even ray method, and if the relationship is included or intersected, carrying out visual judgment on the Y dimension of the model through a camera aspect ratio. According to the object-orientedthree-dimensional scene view cone removing method, the effect of accelerated drawing of the three-dimensional scene and the model of the three-dimensional scene can be achieved, and the frame numberis increased, and the operand is reduced, and the time complexity is reduced.

The invention relates to a method for detecting total iron content of iron ore based on spectral data. The method comprises the following steps that spectral data of an iron ore sample to be detectedis acquired, and the spectral data comprises M spectral characteristics; the spectral data is inputted into an iron ore classification model to obtain the iron ore type of the iron ore sample to be detected; and according to the obtained iron ore type, the spectral data is inputted into an iron ore total iron content detection model of the corresponding iron ore type to obtain the iron ore total iron content corresponding to the spectral data. The method for detecting the total iron content of the iron ore based on spectral data has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and high precision.

The invention discloses a geographic national condition monitoring result reliability quality inspection method and system. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a sample data set byutilizing existing orthoimage data T and mask data; performing enhancement processing on the sample data; on the basis, establishing a deep convolutional neural network model CNN; performing deep enhancement and fusion on the model; secondly, performing super-pixel segmentation on the new time-phase image T2 to obtain feature pattern spots; mapping the data to old time phase surface coverage datato obtain geometric information of the changed pattern spots; thirdly, inputting new time-phase image T2 data into the trained deep convolutional neural network model to obtain semantic information ofthe changed pattern spots; and finally, comparing the change information with the detected land surface coverage data to obtain a suspected missed and leaked area, and comparing the suspected missedand leaked area with the new and old time phase images T1 and T2 for verification to obtain a final land surface coverage change reliability quality inspection result. The method can achieve the quickinspection of the reliability of a remote sensing image change detection result, can be used for the quality inspection and acceptance of a geographic national condition monitoring project, and greatly improves the quality inspection efficiency.

The invention discloses a molding process for a plastic red wine goblet. The molding process comprises (a) injection molding, (b) mold clamping, (c) heating, (d) blow molding, and (e) de-molding and polishing treatment. In the blow molding process, the plastic red wine goblet is fixed in an inverted way, a goblet opening is downward, a nozzle of a high-pressure blower gun is upward and is used for blowing air to the bottom of a goblet body, and the air is blown for 8 to 12 seconds after die assembly, and the air pressure is kept to be 25-28MPa. In the heating process, a local heating method is adopted, only the middle of the goblet body is heated and softened, and a stem part and the goblet opening are cooled for hardness maintenance thereof. According to the molding process, a bad effect caused by collapsing of the goblet opening in the blow molding process is avoided, an annular rib structure which is added at the goblet opening and is used for fixing the goblet opening is eliminated, the plastic red wine goblet has a good molding effect, and the appearance of the plastic red wine goblet is in full accordance with that of a glass or quartz red wine goblet.

The invention relates to a curved bridge step pushing method. Pluralities of sets of pushing units are arranged on the outer side of a pier and on the outer side of the pier. The pushing units are arranged on the circular curves with equal distances on both sides of the bridge centerline, namely, the outer pushing trajectory line and the inner pushing trajectory line, and are centrally arranged along a tangential direction. An electro-hydraulic proportional speed regulating valve is arranged on the oil inlet of the jack of the pushing unit, and the piston of the pushing jack on both sides extends the cylinder at a speed consistent with the ratio of the pushing stroke on both sides by regulating the oil inlet flow of the pushing jack; In the pushing process, the photoelectric sensor detectsthe deviation of the main beam in real time, and determines the deviation direction and degree of the main beam by detecting the detection lines of the two different colors by the photoelectric sensor, and determines whether the deviation needs to be rectified or not; when the jack exceeds the standard, the deviation can be corrected. Its advantages are that it can walk automatically according tocurve trajectory without stopping and adjusting, and it can dynamically rectify deviation in real time. The method has high efficiency, simple structure of pushing setting, small workspace and low cost.

The invention discloses a method for regulating and controlling an amorphous alloy microstructure. The method comprises any one or a combination of the following modes that (1), alloy melt heat treatment temperature in the preparation process of an amorphous alloy / a nanocrystalline amorphous precursor alloy is adjusted; (2), alloy melt heat treatment time in the preparation process of the amorphous alloy / the nanocrystalline amorphous precursor alloy is adjusted; (3), casting temperature of the alloy melt generated when the melt is cast to a cooling roller in the preparation process of the amorphous alloy / the nanocrystalline amorphous precursor alloy is adjusted; (4), temperature of cooling water in the preparation process of the amorphous alloy / the nanocrystalline amorphous precursor alloy is adjusted, and the cooling water is used for changing the cooling capacity of the cooling roller to the alloy melt; (5), the prepared strip thickness of the amorphous alloy / the nanocrystallineamorphous precursor alloy is adjusted; and (6), the amorphous alloy / the nanocrystalline amorphous precursor alloy in quenching state is subjected to low-temperature relaxation heat treatment. The method is high in efficiency, low in cost and high in controllability.

The invention discloses a method for measuring the geometric dimension of a refractory brick. The method includes the steps of carrying out filtering and noise reduction on an original refractory brick color image to obtain a noise-reduced image; seperating a refractory brick region from the noise-reduced image to obtain a refractory brick image; carrying out morphological processing on the refractory brick image, so that the edges of the refractory brick image are in smooth transition, and removing the isolated point noise at the edges of the refractory brick image to obtain a corrected refractory brick image; using a Canny operator for carrying out edge detection on the corrected refractory brick image; extracting the contour linear line of the refractory brick by using a Hough transformation method and a K-means method, and forming the outer contour of the refractory brick. The method for measuring the geometric dimension of a refractory brick improves efficiency and precision.

The invention discloses an efficient and steady multi-baseline UKF phase-unwrapping method. The efficient and steady multi-baseline UKF phase-unwrapping method comprises the following steps: firstly, obtaining long baseline interferometric phase gradient estimation information from a shorter baseline interferogram by utilizing a combined phase gradient estimation technology based on AMPM; defining an interferogram path guide figure, normalizing and quantizing the interferogram path guide figure into an integer guide phase unwrapping path; by combining a quantization path guide figure strategy, directly unwrapping long baseline interferogram along a path by utilizing the UKF phase-unwrapping method from an interferogram high-quality region to an interferogram low-quality area on the basis of obtaining long baseline interferometric phase gradient. According to the efficient and steady multi-baseline UKF phase-unwrapping method, not only can algorithm accuracy be improved, but also the algorithm efficiency can be greatly improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of metal material preparation and casting formation, and relates to a method for refinement of a rare earth-rich phase of a rare earth-magnesium alloy. Rare earth in the rare earth-magnesium alloy comprises one, two or more of 0.5-4% of RE (which is mixture of Ce and La and comprises 50-70% by mass of Ce and the balance La), 0.5-2% of Y, 2-3% of Nd and 1-5% of Gd. The method comprises pouring a magnesium alloy liquid with the temperature 0-40 DEG C higher than that of a liquidus line into a slurry container pre-heated to a preset temperature, dropping an amplitude-change pole to a position 1-25mm lower than a metal liquid surface, simultaneously, starting ultrasonic vibration, carrying out ultrasonic vibration for 1-8min, then controlling a metal melt temperature 5-50 DEG C lower than a liquidus line temperature and carrying out molding on the metal melt subjected to ultrasonic vibration to obtain a magnesium alloy part. Crystal grain size and rare earth-rich phase size are greatly reduced than size of the microstructure before ultrasonic vibration. The method can be used for a rare earth-magnesium alloy pulping process, a follow-up rheocasting process and a rare earth-magnesium alloy part molding process.

The invention provides a preparation method for near-eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy semisolid slurry or blanks. The method comprises the steps of Step 1, preheating alloy aluminium-silicon ingots, adding into a crucible resistance furnace, after the alloy aluminium-silicon ingots are molten, stirring for degassing, refining, performing first standing, cooling, skimming, performing second standing, thus obtaining an alloy liquid; Step 2, preheating a mechanical roller coated with a casting coating inside; Step 3, inclining the mechanical roller relative to the horizontal ground, injecting the alloy liquid into the mechanical roller through a quantitative pouring system, transferring the alloy liquid into a tundish with a temperature control system, standing, and performing high-pressure extrusion casting to obtain the near-eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy semisolid slurry; Step 4, pouring the near-eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy semisolid slurry into metal molds directly, and solidifying, so that the near-eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy semisolid blanks can be obtained. According to the method, the slurry producing efficiency is high, high-performance castings can be prepared, and the method is high in market promotion value.

The invention discloses a separation finger jumping correction and detection device for an automobile diaphragm spring clutch, which is characterized in that the separation finger jumping correction and detection device is provided with a working platform, a limit mechanism, a correction mechanism and a detection mechanism; and when the separation finger jumping correction and detection device is in use, firstly, the connection height of a separation finger of the diaphragm spring clutch is controlled in the range of (L-1)+ / -1 by the product and tolerance design and then correction and detection are carried out, wherein in the correcting and detecting process, a jack screw is driven by a servo motor, the separation finger of the diaphragm spring clutch is jacked upward to be deformed, the connection height of the separation finger reaches the specified size range by the deformation, the separation finger is ensured to jump in the specified tolerance range and L represents a separation finger connection height standard value. According to the invention, the requirement on the jumping of the separation finger of the diaphragm spring clutch can be met and reliable data of each separation finger connection height is provided.

The present invention relates to a viscose fiber production process exhaust gas treatment method, and belongs to the technical field of textile industry exhaust gas treatment. Viscose fiber production process exhaust gas is washed with a first-stage alkali spray tower, then enters a low-temperature plasma apparatus for treatment, then enters a catalytic oxidation treatment bed for exhaust gas catalytic oxidation treatment, and finally is introduced by a glass fiber reinforced plastic centrifugal fan into a second-stage alkali spray tower for absorption of residual small molecules in the exhaust gas. Through the above process, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide exhaust gases can be decomposed into CO2, H2O, N2 and other harmless substances, and are discharged up to standards.