The invention discloses a method of modifying and reinforcing cement-based composite via thermally-reduced graphene-carbon nanotubes. The method includes: adding water into a dispersant, heating, stirring to allow full dissolution, adding modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, magnetically stirring, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, cooling to room temperature, adding a defoaming agent before stirring, pouring into a cement mortar mixer, adding cement, standard sand, water, a water reducer, silica fume-adsorbed pre-dispersed nano silica and thermally-reduced graphene dispersion, mixing well,loading in a standard cement triplex mold, smoothing, vibrating, forming, covering with wet cloth, demolding, transferring into a standard maintenance box, and carrying out standard maintenance to obtain a cement-based composite. Carbon nanotubes are treated with dichloromethane and metachloroperbenzoic acid; the treated carbon nanotubes are used to prepare cement mortar having high compressive strength, breaking strength and flexural strength; good reinforcement can be achieved just via a low content of modified carbon nanotubes.