The invention discloses a method for treating wastewater through coupling of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and anaerobic organisms, and relates to the technical field of environment-friendly wastewater treatment, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: inoculating or culturing anaerobic sludge in a wastewater treatment anaerobic bioreactor, operating the reactor, adding iron powder and carbon powder, continuously feeding and stirring wastewater, by an effluent precipitator, separating the wastewater from the coupled sludge, and returning the coupled sludge flows back intothe reactor through a reflux pump. According to the method provided by the invention, iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and anaerobic organisms are integrated in one reaction process, and meanwhile, theeffects of the iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and the anaerobic organisms on pretreatment of refractory or macromolecular organic pollutants in the wastewater are exerted. Through organic combinationof the two, on one hand, the anaerobic biological reaction provides an acidic condition for the iron-carbon micro-electrolysis reaction, so that the iron-carbon reaction is promoted, on the other hand, the iron powder/carbon powder is combined with the anaerobic biofloc to form a combination body with higher density, so that the settling performance of the anaerobic sludge can be enhanced, the enrichment of anaerobic microorganisms is facilitated, and the anaerobic biochemical effect is enhanced.