The invention discloses a flame retardation catalyst and a supported flame retardation catalyst composed of same. The flame retardation catalyst has a structural formula of (A)nB, wherein A<+> is an imidazoliumcation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a quaternary phosphoniumcation, a pyrrolidoniumcation, a pyrazoliumcation or a pyridyliumcation, and B<n-> is a polyoxometallate anion. The supported flame retardation catalyst is composed of the flame retardation catalyst and clay as a supported, and the load capacity of the flame retardation catalyst is 1-50 wt% of clay. The supported flame retardation catalyst has good compatibility with polymer matrixes, helps to improve char yield and flame retardation performance of a flame retardation polymer system, and has the advantages of good thermostability and migration resistance, being friendly to environment and the like. By employing clay to support the flame retardation catalyst, the flame retardation catalyst can be uniformly dispersed in the polymer, and the char yield is improved. By employing an immersion method and without complex reaction steps, the preparation method is economical, simple, low in cost and easy to popularize.