The invention provides a preparation method of a V-based alloy metallographic sample, and belongs to the fields of heterogeneous alloy metallographic phase preparation. The method includes: subjecting a block V-based alloy sample to coarse grinding pretreatment, grinding with water step by step, preparing an electrolytic polishing solution, subjecting the sample to electrolytic polishing, subjecting the polished sample to cleaning under ultrasonic wave, wiping with alcohol, blowing the sample to dry the sample, preparing an electrolytic corrosion solution, subjecting the sample to electrolytic corrosion, washing the sample, wiping the sample with alcohol, blowing the sample to dry the sample, and performing metallographic observation. By adjusting experiment parameters and controlling the preparation steps of the V-based alloy metallographic sample, different metallographic phase shapes of the V-based alloy can be obtained, thus meeting observation requirements of different metallographic phases, reflecting comprehensive V-based alloy microstructure and providing experiment support for research of the V-based alloy.