The invention relates to the technical field of medical apparatuses and instruments, in particular to a coaxial pulling-type ampoule opening mechanism which is composed a right half sleeve, a left half sleeve, a sleeve liner, an inner cylinder, a pulling block, a pulling strip, a square hole, a grinding wheel, a plug groove, a plug pin, an elastic piece, a rotating shaft, a shaft cap, an inner cylinder liner, an outer cylinder, protruding rings, limiting grooves, a fixing piece, teeth, a sliding groove and a toothed groove. The cylindrical inner cylinder is located in the outer cylinder and is in clearance fit with the outer cylinder. The annular toothed groove is formed in the outer side wall of the upper end of the inner cylinder. The teeth evenly distributed along the circumference of the inner cylinder are arranged inside the toothed groove. The square hole in the pulling strip is matched with the teeth inside the toothed groove simultaneously. According to the coaxial pulling-type ampoule opening mechanism, a single closed scratch can be etched into the neck of an ampoule bottle only by the simple operation of pulling the pulling strip, operating efficiency is improved, and the purity of liquid medicine and the safety of medical workers are ensured.