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This invention discloses a toughened-self-healing composite modified No. 50 Grade A asphalt and its preparation method, belonging to the technical field of road engineering materials. The asphalt comprises the following raw materials: 100 parts of No. 50 Grade A road petroleum asphalt; 5.0-8.0 parts of functional monomer A; 1.0-4.0 parts of self-healing microcapsules; 0.04-0.112 parts of initiator; and 0.05-0.24 parts of crosslinking agent. The functional monomer A is composed of styrene and butyl acrylate in a mass ratio of 25:75-35:65. A one-step preparation method is used, where styrene and butyl acrylate are copolymerized in situ in the asphalt and lightly crosslinked to achieve toughening, while the introduction of self-healing microcapsules imparts a self-healing function. This invention improves the low-temperature ductility, high-temperature stability, storage stability, and damage self-healing ability of asphalt, and the process is simple and controllable, making it suitable for high-grade roads and heavy-duty traffic pavements.