The invention discloses a preparation method and an application of a pyromellitic dianhydride modified banana peel adsorbent, and is characterized in that the preparation method comprises the steps: washing cleanly banana peels, drying, then smashing, and thus obtaining preprocessed banana peels; then, according to the mass percentage concentration, adding 78-92% of N,N-dimethylformamide and 1.0-5% of pyromellitic dianhydride into a reactor, completely dissolving, and then adding 5-18% of the alkalized banana peels, wherein the sum of the percentages of the components is 100%; and at the constant temperature of 70+/-3 DEG C, carrying out a reflux reaction for 3-6 h, carrying out suction filtration, washing to be neutral, drying, and thus obtaining the pyromellitic dianhydride modified banana peel adsorbent. The adsorbent can directly adsorb lead ions in a water body, is high in adsorption efficiency, has good physicochemical and mechanical stability, can be used in a relatively wide pH range, and can be renewable and be used repeatedly; the banana peels are natural biomacromolecules, are biodegradable, belong to agricultural waste reuse, and is easy to obtain and cheap; and the adsorbent is a natural green adsorbent.