216 results about "Spermine" patented technology

The invention discloses an immunoregulation hydrogel as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of medical materials, amino-derived cationic polysaccharide, carboxyl-derived anionic polysaccharide and dopa-modified protein biopolymer materials are used as biological matrix materials, spermidine is used as a bioactive functional component, and the immunoregulation hydrogel is prepared by a one-step method. The preparation method comprises the following steps: by taking a benzaldehyde-terminated high polymer material as a cross-linking agent, forming a first layer of dynamic reversible cross-linked network structure through Schiff base reaction; then calcium ions are introduced, and the calcium ions and carboxylate radicals are complexed and cross-linked to form a second layer of static irreversible cross-linked network structure which can be used for an ESD (Electro-Static Discharge) operation. By adopting a step-by-step cross-linking mode, the first-step cross-linked single-network hydrogel has injectability, self-repairability, tissue adhesiveness and an immune regulation function, and the second-step cross-linking further ensures stable and lasting performance, so that the problems that a submucosal injection material is easy to disperse, short in lasting time and poor in stability are solved. The immunoregulation function effect of the wound repair material is poor.

The invention discloses nucleic acid nano microspheres as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of nano delivery. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out first mixing on nucleic acid and part of water, and carrying out pretreatment and curing to form nucleic acid semi-solid gel; melting the nucleic acid semi-solid gel at 45-80 DEG C, and adjusting the pH value to 4-6 to form a phase A; carrying out second mixing on the spermidine-containing plant extract and the remaining water, and adjusting the pH value to 4-6 to form a phase B; and carrying out third mixing on the phase A, the phase B and an auxiliary agent to form the nucleic acid nano-microsphere, the nucleic acid nano-microsphere is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 0.5 to 8 percent of nucleic acid, 0.1 to 7.5 percent of a plant extract containing spermidine, 0 to 6 percent of an auxiliary agent and 78.5 to 99.4 percent of water, the mass ratio of the nucleic acid to the plant extract containing spermidine is (1-10): 1. The nucleic acid nano-microsphere has improved transdermal effect and stability, and can be used for transdermal drug delivery.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological detection, and discloses a mycoplasma pneumoniae nucleic acid rapid detection method, which comprises the following steps: mixing a sample to be detected with a multifunctional pretreatment buffer solution containing tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, potassium acetate, polyethylene glycol, saponin, spermine tetrahydrochloride and tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride, and carrying out cracking treatment; a cracking mixed solution is obtained; redissolving the enzymatic isothermal amplification basic reagent, the specific primer and the probe to obtain a redissolving amplification system; sucking the supernatant of the cracking mixed solution, adding the supernatant into a redissolving amplification system, and adding a magnesium acetate solution to obtain a reaction mixed solution to be detected; and carrying out isothermal amplification and signal acquisition to obtain a detection conclusion. The multifunctional pretreatment buffer solution is used for cracking the to-be-detected sample, sample liquefaction, cracking and nucleic acid release are completed in a single system, the nucleic acid extraction and purification step of centrifugal column adsorption or magnetic bead elution is avoided, and the operation process is simplified.

A nutraceutical composition, consisting of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in a range 250-1000 mg, Spermidine in a range 0.5-10 mg, Rhodiola Rosea in a range 200-600 mg, Cacao in a range 1000-10,000 mg, L-Theanine in a range 50-200 mg, Glucosamine in a range 500-3000 mg, and Hyaluronic acid in a range 50-240 mg, or consisting of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a range 100-500 mg, Quercetin in a range 250-1000 mg, Resveratrol in a range 150-1000 mg, Sulforaphane in a range 1-50 mg, and Calcium Alphaketoglutarate in a range 300-2000 mg, or consisting of Microdose Lithium in a range 1-5 mg, Trimethylglycine in a range 500-2000 mg, Glutathione in a range 250-1000 mg, Fisetin in a range 100-1000 mg, Urolithin A in a range 250-2000 mg, Sodium Butyrate in a range 100-3000 mg, Berberine in a range 500-1500 mg, Apigenin in a range 50-500 mg, Cinnamon in a range 1000-6000 mg, and Malate in a range 1000-6000 mg.

The present invention relates to the technical field of anti-aging compositions and particularly to an anti-aging composition and use thereof, and an anti-aging capsule and use thereof. The present invention provides an anti-aging composition comprising the following components: 20-2000 parts by mass of calcium α-ketoglutarate, 20-100 parts by mass of quercetin, 20-2000 parts by mass of trans-resveratrol, 20-100 parts by mass of calendulin, and 0.02-1.8 parts by mass of spermidine. The composition of the present invention has a multi-target synergistic effect on 12 major causes of aging and can safely and effectively reverse aging, enhance the physiological function, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve the quality of life. The components of the composition are safe, and are carefully selected natural food ingredients; therefore, the composition is safe and reliable, and has no side effects with long-term use. The composition is prepared in an oral dosage form, so that the composition is convenient to administer, which improves patient compliance; moreover, the mode of application of the composition can be expanded.

A method of improving and / or enhancing at least one of bone mineralization, bone strength, bone mass, and bone mineral density in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising one or more anabolic amino acids, and the composition further comprising one or more autophagy-inducing compounds. In one embodiment, the one or more autophagy-inducing compounds are selected from the group consisting of thymol, carvacrol, spermidine, urolithin (e.g., Urolithin A, B or D), rapamycin, Torin1, valproic acid, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol), caffeine, metformin, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, L-type calcium channel inhibitors, ketones (e.g. beta-hydroxybutyrate, ketone salts, or ketone ester derivatives), 4,4′-dimethoxychalcone and mixtures thereof.

The invention belongs to the technical field of natural medicines, and particularly relates to application of spermidine alkaloid in preparation of anti-tumor medicines and / or reversion of drug resistance. The invention provides an application of macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid in preparation of anti-tumor drugs and / or reverse drug resistance. The macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid comprises one or more than two of 13-oxo-furan celastrus orbiculatus, furan celastrus orbiculatus, benzene-substituted celastrus orbiculatus and celastrus orbiculatus cinnamamide alkali. The macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid disclosed by the invention has the characteristics of broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect, good anti-tumor effect, relatively low toxic and side effects, capability of reversing 5-fluorouracil drug resistance, relatively high water solubility, relatively easy source, simple structure, only one chiral carbon in the structure, relatively easy artificial synthesis, intervention in cell autophagy mechanism and the like, so that the overall treatment cost is relatively low; the method has a potential important clinical application prospect.

The invention discloses a fluorescent probe for detecting spermine and spermidine in a water sample and urine as well as a preparation method and application of the fluorescent probe, and relates to the technical field of supramolecular fluorescent probes, and the fluorescent probe is formed by reacting 14-membered cucurbit urils (tQ [14]) and a compound (E)-1-(4-boron benzyl)-4-(4-hydroxyl styryl) quinoline-1-ammonium bromide according to a molar ratio of 1: 1. The novel fluorescent probe provided by the invention can specifically detect spermine and spermidine in a water sample and urine, and the preparation method of the fluorescent probe is simple and easy to implement; the method for detecting spermine and spermidine in a water sample and urine by using the fluorescent probe has the advantages of high sensitivity, high selectivity, low cost, simple sample treatment, convenient operation, rapid determination and the like.

The present invention relates to a composition for modulating the release of biologically active aliphatic polyamines, said composition comprising palmitamide ethanol and preferably a sucrose ester as an agent for modulating the release of aliphatic polyamines from the composition. The composition may be used directly or added to a formulation of a supplement to promote hair growth.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an edible flower phenol amide compound and application of the edible flower phenol amide compound in prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and particularly relates to the field of development of new application of food raw materials. The edible flower phenol amide compound N1, N5, N10-coumaroyl spermidine (TCS) can be green extracted by using a natural deep-eutectic solvent (NADES), and can inhibit free fatty acid-induced liver cell lipid accumulation and improve fatty acid-caused liver cell fatty degeneration; oxidative stress and inflammation induced by free fatty acid are inhibited, and expression of senescence-related markers is inhibited, so that development of NAFLD is effectively inhibited.

The invention discloses an oral hard capsule health-care product with an anti-aging function as well as a preparation method and application of the oral hard capsule health-care product. The health-care product is mainly prepared from eight active ingredients including EGT (Ergothioneine), Ca-AKG (alpha-ketoglutarate), PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone), fisetin, salidroside, urolithin A, spermidine and an apple stem cell extract. Through scientific compatibility of the various components, the composition disclosed by the invention can comprehensively intervene in a cell aging process through a synergistic effect of a plurality of pathways of enhancing the cell antioxidant capacity, improving the mitochondrial function, activating cell autophagy, promoting cell regeneration and repair and the like. The invention also provides a preferred content range of the health-care product, a preparation method of the health-care product and application of the health-care product in preparation of health-care foods for delaying senescence, improving cell viability or improving mitochondrial functions. The product provided by the invention has the characteristics of multiple targets and synergistic interaction, and provides a new effective scheme for anti-aging intervention.

The invention relates to the technical field of forest cultivation, and discloses a carya illinoensis fruit forest variety configuration method which comprises the following steps: configuring a main cultivation variety and a pollination variety in a fruit forest; preparing a pollination synergistic composition; the composition is sprayed at the initial stage of stigma exposure of female flowers of a main cultivated variety. The composition comprises a phenolic acid grafted carboxymethyl chitosan derivative, low methoxyl pectin, a calcium ion cross-linking agent, sugar alcohol chelated boron and spermidine. According to the method, an interfacial film with antioxidant activity is formed on the surface of the stigma by using the grafting modified matrix, so that the stigma browning is effectively inhibited, and the pollination period is prolonged; by constructing a calcium cross-linked low-methoxyl pectin interpenetrating network, an interfacial film is endowed with an intelligent degradation characteristic of enzyme-sensitive response to pollen, and protection at ordinary times and immediate dissolution after touching flowers are realized. According to the method, pollen is captured through static electricity, nutritional factors are released in a targeted mode, the pollination and fertilization efficiency is remarkably improved, the sterility risk in the flowering phase is relieved, and the yield and quality of carya illinoensis are improved.

The application discloses a method for detecting plant free polyamines by HPLC, which can clearly separate the target substances putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), thermospermine (T-Spm) and spermine (Spm) in a plant sample. The method has stable retention time of the separated target substances, and the peaks corresponding to the target substances separated from different samples and the standard sample can be well overlapped, data is clear, and the result is reliable. The separation time is shortened by half, the use amount of the mobile phase is halved, the operation cost is greatly reduced, the waste liquid is halved, the recovery cost of the waste liquid is also halved, and the potential pollution to the environment is reduced.

The invention discloses application of spermidine in in-vitro culture of human unfrozen oocytes and embryos. By adding the combination of spermidine, melatonin and astaxanthin into the thawed oocyte resuscitation culture solution and the embryo in-vitro culture solution, the mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial functions of the thawed oocytes are improved, so that the in-vitro culture effect of the thawed oocytes and embryos is improved, and the success rate of an assisted reproduction technology is increased.

The invention discloses an SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) flexible sensor based on dual-ion modification as well as a preparation method and application of the SERS flexible sensor, and belongs to the technical field of biomedical detection. A bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) is used as a base material, cation modification (QBCM) is carried out through glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC), anion modification (TABCM) is carried out through tannic acid (TA), a functional substrate with asymmetric charge distribution and a porous structure is constructed, then Ag NPs are loaded on the modified base material through an in-situ reduction method, the QBCM-coated AgNPs and TABCM-coated AgNPs dual-ion active substrate is formed, and the AgNPs / TABCM-coated AgNPs dual-ion active substrate is used for preparing the composite material. The SERS flexible sensor is integrated through a layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL) technology; the SERS flexible sensor can realize specific enrichment and synchronous detection of anionic kynurenic acid (KYNA) and cationic spermine (Spm) in urine, and is low in detection limit and good in reproducibility.

The invention discloses application of spermidine in preparation of a preparation for improving fertility of female mammals, and belongs to the technical field of reproductive biology. According to the invention, spermidine with different concentrations is introduced into mice, and the effect of spermidine on ovarian hormone secretion, ovarian reserve level and follicle number of female mammals is determined in a diet intake manner, so that the fertility of female animals is improved; it is found that spermidine can effectively improve the ovarian function, increase the secretion level of E2, P4, LH and AMH hormones closely related to the ovarian function, reduce the number of atresia follicles of the ovarian and increase the litter birth number of female mice by 1-2, and the spermidine has good animal breeding and livestock raising application prospects.

The present invention provides a method for preparing spermidine, which relates to the technical field of organic synthesis. The method for preparing spermidine comprises: condensing 3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride and triphenylmethane to obtain 3-chloro-N-tritylpropylamine; condensing 3-chloro-N-tritylpropylamine and 1,4-butanediamine to obtain N 1 ‑(3‑(tritylamino)propyl)butane‑1,4‑diamine; N 1 The trityl group is removed from 1,4-(3-(tritylamino)propyl)butane to obtain spermidine hydrochloride; and spermidine hydrochloride is liberated in the presence of a base to obtain spermidine. The preparation method of the present invention can achieve a high yield and purity in a relatively short reaction period, avoids the problems of a high proportion of by-products, high purification difficulty, and residual solvent, improves the reaction efficiency, and has mild reaction conditions, simple production equipment, and is more energy-saving and environmentally friendly while being convenient for industrialized amplification production.

The invention discloses a composition for promoting bulb expansion of hippeastrum hippeastrum, the composition is an aqueous solution, the solute in the composition comprises putrescine, spermidine, spermine, triacontanol, ethanol, Tween 80, sodium lignin sulfonate and ethylene glycol, and the dosage ratio of the materials is 10: 1: 2: 0.05: 10: 5: 3: 2 according to the dosage weight. And diluting the composition with water to obtain a diluent with the mass percent concentration of 0.04-0.06%. The diluent is used for foliage spraying and seedball base irrigation in the germination stage, the growth stage, the flowering stage and the post-flowering rejuvenation stage of hippeastrum hippeastrum, the seedball diameter of hippeastrum hippeastrum can be remarkably increased, and economic benefits are increased.

The invention provides an in-vitro transcription method based on RNA polymerase and a kit, which are suitable for the fields of mRNA synthesis, gene research and biological pharmacy. According to the method, the problems of low efficiency, poor stability and the like of traditional in-vitro transcription are solved through an optimization technology. The method comprises the following specific steps: providing a linear DNA template containing a T7 promoter; according to the method, site-directed mutagenesis or fusion protein modified high-activity T7RNA polymerase is combined with chemically modified NTPs and a spermine-BSA compound stabilizer to react under the conditions that the temperature is 37-42 DEG C and the pH is 7.5-8.5, and formation of double-stranded RNA is promoted through dynamic temperature control. A reaction system contains Mg < 2 + > / Mn < 2 + > and DTT, and enzyme activity and product integrity are optimized. The kit comprises an improved reagent and a standardized process, the transcription efficiency is improved by 2-5 times, the product yield is greater than or equal to 80%, and the activity is not lost after the kit is stored at 4 DEG C for 1 month. The method has the technical advantages that NTPs degradation resistance is achieved, template preparation is simplified, universality is high, the method is suitable for large-scale production of mRNA vaccines, gene therapy and the like, the production cost is remarkably reduced, and wide application of the in-vitro transcription technology is promoted.

This invention discloses a kit and method for extracting cell nuclei from plant tissues, belonging to the field of biotechnology. The kit includes a nuclear lysis buffer and a nuclear washing buffer. The nuclear lysis buffer is prepared using nuclease-free water with sucrose, Tris-HCl (pH 7-8), NaCl, MgCl2, a surfactant, DTT, an RNase inhibitor, and spermidine. The nuclear washing buffer is prepared using nuclease-free water with sucrose, Tris-HCl (pH 7-8), NaCl, MgCl2, DTT, an RNase inhibitor, and spermidine. This kit is suitable for extracting cell nuclei from fresh yew stem tissue, yielding cell nuclei with intact nuclear membranes, stable gene expression, high purity, and few impurities, suitable for single-cell sequencing.

Disclosed herein are nutritional compositions aimed at promoting longevity and wellness. The compositions are formulated for oral intake and include a variety of nutrients and functional compounds such as proteins, creatine, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, hyaluronic acid, biotin, CoQ10, spermidine, and one or more NAD+ precursors. These components may serve to enhance muscle health, antioxidant function, skin, hair and joint health, cellular and cardiovascular health, thus contributing to the overall vitality and lifespan of an individual.

The invention discloses an application of N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine in preparation of a medicine for preventing and treating atherosclerosis. Belongs to the technical field of biological medicine. When the N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine is administered to an experimental animal within the dosage range of 10-25 mg / kg, the area of ApoE- / -mouse atherosclerotic plaque induced by high homocysteine (HCY) can be remarkably reduced, meanwhile, the HCY level, the levels of four blood lipid items (TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C) and the levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MCP-1 and CRP in serum of the atherosclerotic mouse can be remarkably callback, and the N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine can be used for treating atherosclerotic mice. All the results prove that the N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine has the effect of improving the atherosclerosis and can be used for preventing and treating cardiovascular system diseases such as the atherosclerosis.

The invention discloses a medical dressing capable of absorbing moisture and releasing sweat and a preparation method of the medical dressing, and relates to the technical field of medical dressings, the medical dressing comprises a polyurethane copolyester nanofiber membrane, and the preparation method of the polyurethane copolyester nanofiber membrane comprises the following steps: pouring non-isocyanate polyurethane copolyester, levofloxacin and polyacrylonitrile into hexafluoroisopropanol, and stirring uniformly; carrying out electrostatic spinning; and spin-coating a chitosan-gelatin-glycerol mixed solution, and spin-coating a spermidine cross-linking agent to obtain the polyurethane copolyester nanofiber membrane. By introducing the polyglycolic acid-based non-isocyanate polyurethane copolyester and the levofloxacin, the levofloxacin is uniformly dispersed and embedded into a fiber network, so that uniform dispersion and controllable release of an antibacterial drug are realized, growth and reproduction of bacteria at a wound are effectively inhibited, and the problems of wound infection and slow healing are solved; the healing speed is increased; and the complication risk is reduced.

The invention provides an anti-aging composition rich in cycloastragenol and capable of prolonging telomeres. The composition comprises the following active components in parts by weight: 10-30 parts of cycloastragenol, 5-15 parts of nicotinamide mononucleotide, 1-5 parts of spermidine hydrochloride and 40-60 parts of a phospholipid carrier. According to the invention, through triple synergistic effects of cycloastragenol, nicotinamide mononucleotide and spermidine hydrochloride, an optimized enzymolysis-supercritical extraction process and a composite phospholipid carrier system are combined, so that the telomere extension effect, the component stability and the intestinal absorption rate are remarkably improved; and an integrated solution of multi-target anti-aging, efficient extraction and safe delivery is realized.

The invention provides an anti-skin aging composition and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of cosmetics. The composition comprises spermidine and ferulic acid, the mass ratio of the spermidine to the ferulic acid is 1: (0.5-3), and the composition has a remarkable anti-aging effect. Tests prove that the composition provided by the invention can obviously promote the secretion of collagen and promote the growth of human skin fibroblasts, and also has relatively strong oxidation resistance. Moreover, spermidine can enhance the ferulic acid uptake efficiency of skin cells, ferulic acid can stabilize the activity of spermidine, and spermidine and ferulic acid cooperate to comprehensively regulate aging from cell and molecule levels, so that an efficient and stable multi-mechanism anti-aging solution is provided, and the defects in the prior art are overcome.

The invention relates to the technical field of rice stress-resistant cultivation, and discloses a rice root system salt tolerance adjusting method based on exogenous spermidine, which comprises the following core steps: in the critical period of rice root system development, directionally applying a spermidine solution subjected to purity verification to a rice root system area, by accurately regulating and controlling the application concentration, frequency, duration and application environment conditions of spermidine, the osmotic regulation capability and the anti-oxidation system function of a rice root system in a high-salt environment with the soil conductivity larger than or equal to 2 dS / m are improved, the salt tolerance of the root system is remarkably improved, and then growth and development of rice are guaranteed. The spermidine is a straight-chain polyamine compound with good biocompatibility, the chemical purity is not lower than 98%, no heavy metal is left, and the contents of lead, cadmium and mercury are all smaller than or equal to 0.1 mg / kg. According to the invention, precise targeted regulation and control of the salt tolerance of the rice root system are realized, and the regulation effect is stable and remarkable.

This invention discloses the application of engineered *Citrobacter freundii* in the fermentation synthesis of spermine. The engineered *Citrobacter freundii* is a strain overexpressing the polyphosphate kinase gene Ppk1. The engineered *Citrobacter freundii* is inoculated into a fermentation medium for fermentation culture to synthesize spermine. The synthesis and extraction method of this invention for producing spermine is simple to operate, highly reproducible, low in cost, and yields a high spermine content in the fermented bacterial cells, accounting for 12.42% of the bacterial dry weight. The extracted spermine has a purity as high as 90.26%.

The invention discloses an application of N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine in preparation of a medicine for preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease. Belongs to the technical field of biological medicine. After the N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine is orally taken by an experimental animal, the working memory, the spatial memory and the learning ability of a mouse with Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by combination of D-galactose and aluminum trichloride can be remarkably improved, the contents of inflammatory factors TNF-alpha, 1L-1beta and 1L-6 of brain tissues of the mouse with AD are remarkably reduced, and meanwhile, the levels of A beta 40 and A beta 42 are remarkably reduced. The N1, N10-dicaffeoyl spermidine is proved to have the effect of improving learning and memory of mice with the Alzheimer's disease, and can be used for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases such as the Alzheimer's disease.

The present application relates to the technical field of cosmetic biotechnology and nano-carrier drug delivery, and provides PDRN-putrescine co-delivery nano-liposome as well as a preparation method and application thereof.The PDRN-putrescine co-delivery nano-liposome provided by the present application comprises the following components in mass fraction: 0.1-3% of polydeoxyribonucleotide; 0.1-3% of putrescine; 2-8% of phospholipid emulsifier; 0-15% of polyhydric alcohol cosolvent; and the balance is a buffer solution; and the buffer solution has a pH value of 6-7.5.The present application realizes stable co-encapsulation of PDRN and putrescine by constructing a specific buffer system to regulate the pH value, using the amphiphilic property of the phospholipid bilayer and the in-situ ion pair technology, solves the compatibility problem of PDRN and putrescine, significantly improves the transdermal absorption rate of PDRN through transmembrane delivery of the nano-carrier, and realizes the synergistic repair and anti-aging effect of PDRN and putrescine at the cellular level.

Disclosed in the present invention are a cross-linked polyamide hydrogel material and a preparation method therefor. The hydrogel is obtained by means of a cross-linking reaction between a water-soluble polyamide and a cross-linking agent. The water-soluble polyamide comprises poly(malic acid-spermidine), poly(malic acid-spermine), poly(succinic acid-spermidine), or poly(succinic acid-spermine). The cross-linking agent is an endogenous dibasic acid. The cross-linking reaction means that after being activated by a catalyst, a carboxyl group on the endogenous dibasic acid undergoes a two-step activation cross-linking reaction with an imine group on the backbone of the polyamide to obtain the hydrogel. The present invention prepares the hydrogel by means of a two-step activation cross-linking technique. By means of the cross-linking technique, the amounts of the catalyst and the cross-linking agent can be reduced, and hydrogels having different properties can also be prepared by controlling the type of the cross-linking agent and cross-linking conditions, thereby improving the cross-linking reaction efficiency and achieving the control of the degradation rate of the hydrogel and the release rate of an active monomer, exhibiting broad application prospects.