The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a fluorescent covalent organic framework connected by imine bonds, and belongs to the technical field of environmental protection. Reaction of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene and 4,4'-diamino-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3,3'-diol via Schiff base Synthesis of imine-linked fluorescent covalent organic frameworks. The fluorescent covalent organic framework uses imine bonds as connecting units, surrounded by a large number of hydroxyl functional groups, which can selectively bind uranyl ions. Meanwhile, based on the excellent fluorescence properties of pyrene-based units, a rapid and sensitive detection method for uranyl ions was established. In addition, the phenolic hydroxyl groups in the imine-bonded fluorescent covalent organic framework can also reduce soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV), which greatly improves the adsorption capacity for uranyl ions. The method of the invention has the advantages of simple method, stable structure and environmental friendliness for preparing the imine bond-linked fluorescent covalent organic framework, which can be used for highly sensitive detection and selective recovery of uranyl ions, and has good application prospects.