The invention discloses a method for quickly obtaining transgenic peanuts through peanut cotylcdon. The method comprises the following steps: 1) taking agrobacterium tumefaciens in a logarithmic phase, and re-suspending, thereby obtaining transformation bacteria liquor; 2) taking mature peanut seeds to bud for 0-5 days, longitudinally cutting cotyledon into two parts, and cutting off germs at the top ends of plumular axes to obtain transformation receptors; 3) soaking the transformation receptors into transformation bacteria liquor to infect for 20-50 minutes, then, taking out the transformation receptors, putting the transformation receptors onto water-absorbing paper, and cultivating for 3-4 days under a dark condition; 4) thoroughly flushing the transformation receptors, and performing selective cultivation, thereby obtaining peanut seedlings; and 5) continuously cultivating the peanut seedlings to obtain peanut plants, identifying the peanut plants, thereby obtaining transgenic plants. The invention further discloses application of the third in preparing transgenic peanuts. According to the method disclosed by the invention, materials are easily available, operations are simple, time and cost are reduced, and transformation efficiency is high, and therefore, the method is suitable for large-scale transgenic peanut development.