36 results about "Chemical equilibrium" patented technology

The invention relates to a liquid medicine concentration automatic control correction method and system in the technical field of semiconductor manufacturing, and the method comprises the steps: if the concentration deviation exceeds a preset threshold value, comparing real-time monitoring data with a chemical equilibrium model, obtaining the offset of a reaction rate, and judging the specific parameters of the liquid supplementing amount and the adjustment time; a proportional-integral control algorithm is combined with a trigger condition and a liquid supplementing parameter, the liquid medicine concentration is dynamically adjusted, a compensation factor is introduced for temperature fluctuation, and an adjusted concentration control instruction is obtained; liquid level distribution data in the cleaning tank are synchronously collected through a liquid level detection device, and whether the uniformity of the liquid medicine in the tank reaches a preset standard or not is judged in combination with the adjusted concentration control instruction; and continuously acquiring a stable distribution result, comparing the stable distribution result with an initial data set, judging the optimization degree of the control precision and the response speed, and obtaining a concentration fluctuation range and a uniformity index after dynamic adjustment.

The present invention discloses a collaborative simulation analysis method, device, equipment and medium for polymerization reaction in a reactor, wherein the method comprises: three-dimensional modeling of the reactor; meshing the established three-dimensional model; importing the meshed three-dimensional model into Fluent, determining the basic control equations in the acrylonitrile polymerization reaction process; setting the material properties corresponding to the liquid reactant; determining the boundary conditions and source term data required for numerical calculation; deducing the chemical equilibrium equations of each species according to the acrylonitrile polymerization reaction mechanism, simplifying the chemical equilibrium equations of the species by using the moment method, and solving the moment method ordinary differential equations by using MATLAB software; starting Fluent and MATLAB software for embedded collaborative simulation to solve the polymerization reaction process, and repeatedly iterating the basic control equations and the moment method ordinary differential equations until the relevant parameters converge. The present invention uses Fluent and MATLAB for embedded collaborative simulation to accurately and reliably simulate the complex polymerization reaction in the stirred reactor.

The invention relates to the technical field of industrial process intelligent analysis, in particular to a method and system for monitoring the regeneration process of make-up water resin, and the method comprises the steps of monitoring backwashing, water filling, layering and regeneration processes through images and sensing signals, judging a reaction endpoint, calculating the optimal regeneration duration and outputting a monitoring result. The expansion height and layering texture features of a resin bed are captured through machine vision, the physical form is accurately fed back to avoid resin loss and guarantee the layering effect, the gas-liquid phase change moment is sensitively captured through the frequency shift characteristic of vibration frequency, the filling degree of a tank medium is guaranteed, and the contact efficiency is improved. According to the method, the concentration trend and the conductivity variance are analyzed in combination with least square regression, the chemical equilibrium endpoint of the ion exchange reaction is intelligently recognized, the optimal operation duration is calculated by applying nonparametric trend inspection, data driving in the regeneration process is achieved, and the agent consumption and the time cost are remarkably reduced on the premise that the effluent quality is guaranteed.

The embodiment of the application provides a chemical equilibrium simulation method for soil salt ions, comprising: acquiring multiple ion data of parameters associated with a chemical equilibrium simulation process of salt ions and constructing a chemical reaction parameter database; and calculating ion activity and constructing a chemical solving model, wherein the chemical solving model comprises a precipitation-dissolution reaction simulation model and a complexation reaction-cation exchange simulation model, one chemical solving is completed by sequentially solving the precipitation-dissolution reaction simulation model and the complexation reaction-cation exchange simulation model; setting initial conditions and termination conditions of iterative operation of the chemical solving model, inputting parameter data into solving, taking a concentration difference of multiple ions after adjacent two chemical solvings as an external loop control standard epsilon, judging whether to enter next chemical solving iteration or outputting a simulation result to obtain a precipitated chemical component content, a complexed chemical component content and an exchanged chemical component content of the salt ions in the soil.

The invention relates to the technical field of crude oil compounding, and discloses a crude oil structure determination method and device, and the method comprises the steps: screening out a target compound oil system from each compound oil system based on a first characteristic parameter of target crude oil and a second characteristic parameter of each compound oil system; according to the content of the acid gas and the content of the amine solvent in the target crude oil, establishing a chemical equilibrium model of the target compound oil system based on the reaction of the amine solvent and the acid gas; and solving the chemical equilibrium model until the target compound oil system reaches the target equilibrium state, and taking the structure corresponding to the target compound oil system in the target equilibrium state as the structure of the target crude oil. According to the scheme, the chemical equilibrium model of the compound oil system is established and solved based on the reaction of the amine solvent and the acid gas, and the target crude oil structure can be accurately simulated, so that the influence of the crude oil structure on crude oil behaviors can be accurately determined.

The invention discloses a rapid prediction method for a jet flow thermal environment. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, calculating by utilizing a chemical equilibrium model to obtain characteristic parameters such as total enthalpy, equivalent gas constant and the like of fuel gas of a nozzle outlet based on fuel gas components and contents of the nozzle outlet of an engine; secondly, on the basis of the assumed condition that the total enthalpy of the nozzle outlet and the total enthalpy of the nozzle throat are equal, gas characteristic parameters of the nozzle throat part are obtained through the obtained equivalent gas characteristic parameters of the nozzle outlet; then, carrying out surface grid division on the cross section of the nozzle throat, and setting jet flow boundary conditions at the position; then, a far-field computational domain is selected, a closed space is formed by the far-field computational domain, a spray pipe and equipment, and a volume grid of a mixed structure is generated; and finally, solving the N-S equation by using a CFD calculation program to simulate a low-backpressure jet flow field in the space environment simulation equipment and obtain a thermal environment of key equipment, thereby providing input conditions for rapid evaluation of a heat protection system in a design stage, and reducing the test cost of the space environment simulation equipment.

The invention discloses a water-resistant catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof, the water-resistant catalyst is In2O3-InPdx / m-ZrO2-SiO2, namely, indium, palladium and In2O3 are loaded on an m-ZrO2-SiO2 carrier, and the loading capacity ratio of the indium to the palladium to the In2O3 is (4.5-7.5): (2.7-5): (0.4-3.4). According to the water-resistant catalyst, the In-Pd intermetallic compound catalyst is subjected to water-resistant treatment by using the inorganic amorphous SiO2, so that the infiltration difficulty of water molecules is improved after treatment, the adverse effect of the water molecules on a catalytic reaction is reduced, the chemical equilibrium forward movement of a methanol generation reaction is promoted, and the selectivity of methanol is improved.

The present application relates to the technical field of industrial process intelligent analysis, in particular to a make-up water resin regeneration process monitoring method and system, comprising monitoring backwashing, water filling, layering and regeneration process through image and sensing signal, determining reaction end point and calculating optimal regeneration time length, and outputting monitoring result, in the present application, resin bed layer expansion height and layering texture features are captured through machine vision, physical form is accurately fed back to avoid resin loss and guarantee layering effect, gas-liquid phase change time is sensitively captured by using vibration frequency frequency shift characteristics, tank medium filling degree is ensured to improve contact efficiency, concentration trend and conductivity variance are analyzed by using least square method, ion exchange reaction chemical equilibrium end point is intelligently identified, and non-parametric trend test is applied to calculate optimal operation time length, regeneration process data driving is realized, and medicament consumption and time cost are significantly reduced under the premise of guaranteeing water quality.

The invention discloses a very simple mechanism generation method based on entropy constant correction, and belongs to the technical field of chemical reaction kinetics, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, constructing a single-step reaction formula when fuel is fully combusted, and determining species participating in the reaction; s2, determining a standard NASA7 coefficient of a species participating in a reaction, and finding an entropy constant to be optimized; s3, for all species participating in the reaction, the current entropy constants of the species are used as initial values, the minimum relative error of the combustion equilibrium temperature of a very simple mechanism and a detailed mechanism in a set state range is used as a target, and the entropy constants are optimized; and S4, based on the optimized entropy constant, generating a very simple mechanism. Compared with a general simplification mechanism, the generated simplification mechanism has the advantages that fewer components and reactions are used, and the calculation cost is obviously lower; and the entropy constant of each species is modified to change the chemical equilibrium of the reaction, so that the combustion equilibrium temperature of a detailed mechanism can be better fit.

This invention relates to a method for determining an indication of a quantity or concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in a liquid. The method includes a step of providing a fluid-tight container accommodating a liquid sample, the liquid sample having carbon dioxide dissolved therein. The method also involves agitating the liquid sample whilst allowing the volume of the container to change from a first volume towards a second volume associated with an equilibrium state. In the equilibrium state, a headspace pressure inside the container equals the pressure of the container surroundings, and the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid sample exists in chemical equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in a headspace volume. The method further includes a step of determining an indication of the quantity or concentration of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid based on the second volume. The present invention also relates to measuring apparatuses and methods for manufacturing measuring apparatuses.

The application discloses a simulation evaluation optimization method for a heavy-duty gas turbine combustion chamber combined flame tube design, comprising the following steps: S1. Based on the chemical equilibrium and thermodynamic principles, the main combustion chamber state is calculated, and the gas mixing, flow, ignition, combustion and equilibrium processes in the main combustion chamber are simulated; S2. For the simulation results, the aerodynamic boundary conditions are input, and the geometric boundary conditions are confirmed by constructing the objective function and the constraint conditions, and then the global optimization in the continuous space of the swarm intelligence is realized by using the differential evolution algorithm through the differential information between the individuals in the swarm; the penalty mechanism is used to balance the negative influence of the specified parameters in the global optimization process. The ignition success probability parameter is constructed, the simplicity of the single parameter evaluation is met, the combined flame tube geometry is optimized according to the operation conditions at the time of ignition, the high and low of the ignition success probability after optimization is used to determine whether the operation condition ignition can make the whole machine flame, and the evaluation simulation optimization is finally realized.

The invention discloses a simulation evaluation optimization method for heavy duty gas turbine combustion chamber cross flame tube design, which comprises the following steps: S1, calculating the state of a main combustion chamber on the basis of chemical equilibrium and thermodynamic principles, and simulating gas mixing, flowing, ignition, combustion and equilibrium processes in the main combustion chamber; s2, for a simulation result, inputting pneumatic edgings, confirming geometric edgings by constructing a target function and constraint conditions, and then realizing global optimization in a swarm intelligent continuous space by adopting a differential evolution algorithm through differential information among individuals in the swarm; in the global optimization process, a penalty mechanism is used for balancing negative effects of specified parameters. According to the method, the ignition success probability parameter is constructed, the simplicity of single parameter judgment is met, meanwhile, the cross flame tube is geometrically optimized according to the operation condition during ignition, whether ignition under the operation condition can achieve cross flame of the whole machine or not is determined according to the optimized ignition success probability, and evaluation simulation optimization can be finally achieved conveniently.

The present application relates to the technical field of biogeochemistry, and discloses a method, system, device and medium for quantitatively analyzing the influence of calcification of calcified organisms on carbon emission, comprising: setting a chemical equilibrium initial state of a target system according to a research purpose, wherein a plurality of chemical reactions exist in the target system; changing the concentration of a variable to be studied by a preset amplitude value; solving the equilibrium state of the plurality of chemical reactions under the condition that the concentration of the variable to be studied is changed by the preset amplitude value, obtaining the concentration change of a system variable of interest, and repeating the step until a preset cycle termination condition is reached; and obtaining a quantitative influence factor of the change of the variable to be studied on the target system according to the concentration change of the system variable of interest and the preset amplitude value of the concentration change of the variable to be studied. The present application proposes a simplified chemical equilibrium simulation method suitable for a carbonate system after a small disturbance, which has high precision and can be used to accurately evaluate the influence of the variable to be studied on the system variable of interest of the target system.

The invention provides a simulation analysis method of a polymerization reaction, which comprises the following steps: constructing an acrylonitrile photo-initiated RAFT polymerization model, deducing a chemical equilibrium equation of each species according to an acrylonitrile polymerization reaction mechanism, simplifying the chemical equilibrium equation of the species by adopting a moment method, and solving a moment method ordinary differential equation set through COMSOL software; a generalized Beer-Lambert law is adopted and a kinetic model is combined to describe a rule of change of conversion rate and molecular weight distribution along with light intensity. And starting COMSOL software to carry out simulation solution on the polymerization reaction process, and carrying out repeated iteration on the basic control equation and the moment method ordinary differential equation set until related parameters converge, thereby realizing accurate prediction of the conversion rate, molecular weight distribution, reaction system temperature and concentration distribution in the acrylonitrile photo-initiated RAFT polymerization reaction process.

The invention belongs to the technical field of chemical process strengthening, and discloses a double-catalytic filler double-section reactive distillation method and device for a chemical reaction limited system.The device comprises a tower kettle reboiler, a tower top condenser and a double-section reactive distillation tower, and the double-section reactive distillation tower comprises a tower body; an upper rectifying section, an upper reaction section, a lower rectifying section, a lower reaction section and a stripping section are arranged in the tower body from top to bottom. The reaction sections of the device are respectively filled with the first catalytic filler with high mass transfer efficiency and the second catalytic filler with catalytic activity, and the first catalytic filler and the second catalytic filler are respectively used for realizing high-efficiency separation of products and rapid conversion of reactants. According to the invention, two catalytic fillers with different properties are coupled in the same tower, so that functional matching and synergistic enhancement of reaction and separation processes in space are realized, the limitation of the traditional single catalytic filler is overcome, the conversion rate of chemical equilibrium limited reaction can be remarkably improved, the energy consumption is greatly reduced, and the method has remarkable economic and technical advantages.

The invention discloses a method for rapidly preparing polyhalite, which comprises the following steps: carrying out hydrothermal phase inversion reaction on a mixed system containing a K < + > source, a Mg < 2 + > source, a Ca < 2 + > source, a SO4 < 2-> source and water, and then carrying out cooling treatment to prepare the polyhalite, wherein in the mixed system, the content of K < + > is 1.31 wt% to 10.10 wt%, the content of Mg < 2 + > is 1.31 wt% to 3.16 wt%, the content of Ca < 2 + > is 0.96 wt% to 12.5 wt%, the content of SO4 < 2-> is 9.09 wt% to 54.86 wt%, and the content of H2O is 87.33 wt% to 19.38 wt%. According to the method provided by the invention, phase inversion and phase chemical equilibrium of polyhalite are realized under a hydrothermal condition, and the polyhalite can be rapidly prepared through a temperature changing process.

The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductors, and provides a mask pattern defect risk assessment method and a computer program product. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring the level of a mask which affects the pattern defect of the mask, and respectively endowing a first risk value and a first weight; obtaining the factor characteristics of the mask influencing the pattern defects of the mask from the perspective of chemical equilibrium, and respectively endowing a second risk value and a second weight; according to the first risk value, the first weight, all the second risk values and the corresponding second weights, obtaining a risk assessment result of the mask pattern defects; and according to the risk assessment result and the productivity of the defect inspection equipment, determining a target mask needing to be subjected to pattern defect inspection. According to the method, risk assessment is carried out on the possibility that different mask plates generate fog defects, and the inspection priorities of the different mask plates are established, so that the mask plate with the highest risk can be subjected to pattern defect inspection in time, limited defect inspection equipment can play a huge role in capacity, and the problem of fog defects of the mask plates is effectively prevented.

A method for storing an inorganic salt, wherein the inorganic salt has a long service life, and the stability of a salt melt made of the inorganic salt is increased. This is achieved in that the inorganic salt is provided in a liquid state, wherein the inorganic salt comprises anions which decompose when heat is supplied, thereby forming at least one gaseous decomposition product, and the pressure of the gas atmosphere is set such that the gas atmosphere is in chemical equilibrium with the inorganic salt in the liquid state.

The invention discloses a polyhydric alcohol full-allyl end capping method, and belongs to the technical field of organic chemical industry. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the end-capping efficiency is innovatively improved by a method of multiple sodium modification-end-capping cycles, the problems that the traditional method is influenced by chemical equilibrium and the end-capping rate is not high or complete end-capping is difficult are avoided, and by adopting the method disclosed by the invention, a polyhydric alcohol all-allyl end-capped product with the purity of over 97 percent by weight can be obtained at the total yield of over 70 percent; and the product with higher purity can be obtained by further refining through a known technology in the field. The by-products generated in each step can be recycled and can be put into the process or prepared into useful products, so that the atom economy is good, and the three-waste pollution is less. The process design of each step is scientific, the operation is simple, special equipment and harsh process conditions are not needed, and industrialization is facilitated.

The invention discloses a method for determining the distribution concentration of arsenate in soil solid-liquid phases, and belongs to the field of soil pollution analysis. The invention is based on a surface coordination model calculation method for the chemical equilibrium of arsenate in an aqueous solution and the distribution equilibrium in soil solid-liquid phases, performs soil pretreatment by different experimental methods, and constructs a thermodynamic equilibrium model for the adsorption and distribution of As(V) in a soil system by screening multiple groups of model architecture prediction results. At the same time, a batch adsorption test is carried out on the soil for verification, and the distribution concentration of As(V) in soil solid-liquid phases can be effectively predicted, so as to provide a reference for soil heavy metal ecological risk assessment and soil pollution control.

The present invention provides a method of producing high-purity magnesium hydroxide from seawater or refined salt brine, which comprises: a) a purification step of filtering organic and inorganic impurities contained in seawater or refined salt brine; b) a precipitation step of calculating a hydrogen ion concentration index of the seawater or refined salt brine within a range calculated by a chemical equilibrium computer simulation, determining an amount of an alkali substance corresponding to the hydrogen ion concentration index based on the calculation, and adding the alkali substance to the seawater or refined salt brine subjected to the purification step, thereby selectively precipitating only magnesium ions to form magnesium hydroxide; and c) a drying step of drying the magnesium hydroxide.

The invention provides a liquid medicine manufacturing process monitoring method and system based on cyanide-free cadmium electroplating, temperature, solution concentration (cadmium ion concentration and HEDP concentration) and pH value data are collected in real time through a multi-parameter sensor module, big data analysis is performed in combination with a mathematical model based on an Arrhenius equation and a chemical equilibrium principle, and the liquid medicine manufacturing process monitoring system based on cyanide-free cadmium electroplating is obtained. And negative feedback regulation of the temperature, the material adding speed and the pH value is realized by utilizing a PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) or a fuzzy control algorithm. According to the system, the thickness uniformity fluctuation of the plating layer can be controlled within + / -5%, the stability of the plating solution is improved by 40%, the production efficiency is improved by 30%, and the problems of unstable quality and low production efficiency of the traditional cyanide-free cadmium electroplating liquid medicine are effectively solved.

A circulating water monitoring method, system, product and medium. The method comprises the following steps: collecting real-time circulating water operation data; inputting the real-time circulating water operation data into a preset circulating water data prediction model; after the circulating water data prediction model generates a preliminary prediction result, calculating a real-time chemical equilibrium constant according to the preliminary prediction result and a preset chemical equilibrium equation; under the condition that the real-time chemical equilibrium constant difference value is larger than a preset chemical equilibrium constant difference value threshold value, the preliminary prediction result is adjusted, and predicted circulating water operation data are obtained; the predicted circulating water data is compared with a circulating water operation data range threshold value, and whether real-time abnormal operation data exceeding the circulating water operation data range threshold value exists or not is judged; and if yes, determining a real-time abnormal condition by combining the real-time abnormal data with the causal relationship Bayesian network. By implementing the technical scheme provided by the invention, the abnormal condition of the circulating water system can be found in time.

A spectral analysis method for thermodynamically analyzing performs multivariate analysis to a plurality of measurement spectra measured under a plurality of measurement parameters, using MCR method that separates a pure spectrum from the plurality of measurement spectra, and calculates a concentration value of each pure spectrum. In this method, an equilibrium model corresponding to an equilibrium state of a sample in which three or more types of chemical species coexist is set, and at least one chemical-equilibrium equation corresponding to the equilibrium model is set. In the MCR method, a concentration curve based on the chemical-equilibrium equation is fitted to the calculated concentration values, an optimal value of a thermodynamic parameter is acquired, a new concentration value is acquired from the chemical-equilibrium equation based on the optimal value, and thus the concentration value is constrained.

The invention belongs to a solution system, particularly relates to the technical field of thermodynamic equilibrium calculation of a complex solution system containing a plurality of chemical (such as polycondensation clustering) reactions, and discloses a solution thermodynamic equilibrium calculation system and method based on a DFP gradient algorithm. According to the method, constraint variables are converted into independent variables, on the basis of the Gibbs free energy minimization thought, the problem of solving multiple chemical equilibrium is converted into the problem of unconstrained optimization, and the DFP gradient algorithm is properly selected to solve the problem. The invention provides a solution thermodynamic equilibrium calculation method and system based on a DFP gradient algorithm. The system is composed of a preprocessing module, a solution thermodynamic equilibrium calculation module and a DFP optimization calculation module, and solution multiple chemical equilibrium calculation is carried out. Compared with other algorithms, the DFP gradient optimization algorithm has the advantages that the calculation process is simplified, the convergence and calculation time is effectively shortened, the calculation efficiency and the calculation flux are improved, and higher calculation precision can be obtained as required.

The application provides a metal ion molten salt extraction device, which comprises a piston, a sealed pipe, a fixing part, a rubber hose, a quartz pipe and a filter screen. The sealed pipe is a straight pipe with open ends, one end of which is provided with the piston, and the other end is provided with the fixing part. The rubber hose is internally through and has open ends, one end of which is connected with the sealed pipe through the fixing part, and the other end is connected with the quartz pipe. The quartz pipe is a straight pipe with open ends, one end of which is connected with the rubber hose, and the other end is a molten salt sampling port. The filter screen is arranged at the molten salt sampling port and is used for filtering the metal powder possibly taken during sampling, so as to ensure that the metal ion concentration in the sample is not affected. The application also provides a use method of the device. Through the method of placing preset metal particles and rapidly cooling the sample in the quartz pipe, the chemical equilibrium deviation caused by the disproportionation reaction of metal ions is inhibited, and the accurate and rapid sampling of the multivalent metal ions in the molten salt is realized.

A process for melt-infiltrating a partially densified ceramic matrix composite, comprising the steps of: disposing in a chamber of a thermal processing apparatus a partially densified ceramic matrix composite comprising a ceramic matrix including at least silicon carbide and at least one oxide phase precursor; introducing at least one gas into the thermal processing apparatus; elevating a temperature of the chamber to cause a reaction between the silicon carbide and the least one gas; achieving a chemical equilibrium of the gases within the chamber; identifying a gas regime for minimizing the liberation of SiO and SiO2; maintaining a temperature and CO2:CO ratio of the identified gas regime within the chamber; and, melt-infiltrating the partially densified ceramic matrix composite with the at least one oxide phase precursor to form a molten oxide ceramic matrix composite comprising a matrix including a silicon carbide phase and an oxide phase.

The application discloses a backpack type reaction rectification device in a tower and a use method thereof, and relates to the field of chemical production equipment. The device comprises a reaction rectification tower, a separation heating component, a liquid buffer component, a reboiler, an evaporator, a cooling fractionating tower, a steam permeation membrane unit and a condenser. The separation heating component is horizontally arranged in the middle part of the reaction rectification tower, and the heating side is located at the upper part. The upper reaction section is connected with the liquid buffer component, the lower reaction section and the evaporator in sequence through pipelines. The lower reaction section is connected with the steam permeation membrane unit, the cooling fractionating tower, the evaporator and the upper reaction section in sequence through pipelines. The rectification section is connected with the condenser through a pipeline. The reboiler is connected with the rectification section through a pipeline. The cooling fractionating tower and the membrane equipment are coupled in the reaction rectification process. The product is continuously removed to break the original chemical equilibrium, promote the forward movement of the equilibrium and improve the conversion degree of the reaction.

In a chemical reaction device (100) for performing a reaction in which the yield of a product is improved and the progress of the reaction in the gas phase is constrained by the chemical equilibrium between the raw material and the product, the product of the distance L between the surface of the catalyst layer (3) in contact with the permeable wall (40) and the outer surface of the cooling surface (53) and the height H of the catalyst layer (3) corresponding to the above-mentioned outer surface having the distance L is accumulated in the height direction from one end to the other end of the cooling surface (53) to obtain a cumulative value of 500 mm 2 above.

In a chemical reaction device that improves a yield of a product and that causes a reaction, progress of which in a gaseous phase is restricted by a chemical equilibrium between a source material and the product, a cumulative value is not less than 500 mm2, the cumulative value being obtained by cumulatively adding, from one end to the other end of a cooling surface in a height direction, products of (i) a distance L between (a) a surface of a catalyst layer which surface is in contact with a transmission wall and (b) an outer surface of the cooling surface and (ii) a height H of the catalyst layer corresponding to the outer surface having the distance L.