60 results about "METHYLPROPANEDIOL" patented technology

The invention discloses unsaturated polyester resin for imitation jade handicrafts and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of polyester resin. Comprising the following components: diethylene glycol, methylpropanediol, propylene glycol, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, an antioxidant, a polymerization inhibitor, paraffin, a stabilizer, an ultraviolet light absorber, a whitening agent and a diluent. The weight ratio of the propylene glycol to the methyl propylene glycol is (1.0-1.3): 1, and the methyl propylene glycol accounts for 20-22% of the total amount of the dihydric alcohol; the weight ratio of maleic anhydride to phthalic anhydride is (0.46-0.52): 1; the preparation method comprises 1) adding the raw materials and the antioxidant into a reactor, carrying out heating, carrying out heat preservation for 0.5-1.0 h and continuing heating, 2) carrying out a reaction for 2-3 h after heating, carrying out dehydration until an acid value is 20-25 mgKOH / g, and 3) carrying out cooling, adding the auxiliary agent and carrying out uniform mixing so that the unsaturated polyester resin is obtained.

The invention discloses herbal oil control essence. A component A comprises deionized water and sodium hyaluronate; the component B comprises methylpropanediol, a hyperforin perforatum flower / leaf / stem extract, cyclodextrin and a rehmannia chinensis root extract; the component C is prepared from water, butanediol, amur corktree bark extract, coptis root extract, radix sophorae flavescentis extract, rhus chinensis insect gall extract, cnidium monnieri fruit extract, zanthoxylum bungeanum fruit extract and camphor tree leaf extract; and the component D comprises 1, 2-hexanediol. The preparation method of the herbal oil-control essence comprises the following steps: S1, preparing raw materials; s2, preparing the component A; s3, preparing the component B; s4, preparing a component C; s5, a mixing process; and S6, adding a component D and carrying out post-treatment. The herbal components form a synergistic effect network and act on a skin grease secretion system in a targeted manner, grease secretion is balanced from the source by adjusting the biological activity of sebaceous gland cells, meanwhile, biological signal channels related to skin anti-inflammation, moisturizing and tightening are activated, and the multiple-effect-in-one skin care effect is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of high polymer material synthesis, and particularly discloses methylpropanediol modified polyester and a preparation method thereof. The methyl propylene glycol modified polyester is prepared from the following raw materials in molar ratio through esterification-polycondensation: terephthalic acid and dihydric alcohol, the dihydric alcohol comprises ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methyl propylene glycol; the methylpropanediol is subjected to cyclodextrin inclusion treatment before being used; the molar ratio of the terephthalic acid to the ethylene glycol to the diethylene glycol to the methyl propylene glycol is 1: (0.7-0.9): (0.01-0.05): (0.2-0.6). The methyl propylene glycol modified polyester prepared in the invention has a low melting point and good mechanical properties.

The invention discloses a nanoscale high-stability alcohol-in-oil transparent system and a preparation method thereof. The system comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20-30% of PPG-13-decyl tetradecanol polyether-24, 20-30% of polydimethylsiloxane, 20-30% of polydimethylsiloxane, 20-30% of a 40 to 68% of methyl propylene glycol; 2 to 6% of propylene glycol dibenzoate; and 6-32% of polar grease. The preparation method comprises the following steps: heating and uniformly stirring the propylene glycol dibenzoate and the grease at 55-75 DEG C to obtain an oil phase; adding PPG-13-decyl tetradecyl alcohol polyether-24 into the oil phase, and stirring to obtain a mixed phase; adding methylpropanediol into the mixed phase, and stirring; and cooling to room temperature. The alcohol-in-oil transparent system prepared by a rapid and convenient process has the characteristics of small particle size and high stability, can load tetrahydrocurcumin and other active matters, and has important application value in the field of cosmetics.

The invention discloses a whitening and freckle-removing essence which comprises the following components: a calendula extract, pure water, 1, 2-pentanediol, methylpropanediol, carbomer, arginine, nicotinamide, a freckle-removing essence, a natural plant penetration enhancer, hydroxyethyl piperazine ethanesulfonic acid, small-molecule ellagic acid, dipropylene glycol, 1, 2-propylene glycol, ethanol and water. The composition is prepared from 1, 2-hexanediol, caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, raspberry ketone glucoside and a PEG / PPG-17 / 6 copolymer. The invention further discloses a production process of the whitening and freckle-removing essence water. The invention has the following advantages: with pure natural plants as a main product, the skin has obvious change after being used for a week, specifically, pregnancy spots, sunburn, chloasma, pigmentation after inflammation and other color spots on the face can be reduced and faded, the face skin can be whitened, the face is mild and non-irritating, and the effects of improving uneven skin color, brightening skin color and the like can be achieved.

The present application relates to a kind of powder coating hydroxyalkylamide matting curing agent and its preparation method, the matting curing agent using including citric acid, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, dimethylbenzene, anhydrous methanol, N-methyl monoethanolamine, catalyst, nanometer titanium dioxide is reacted to obtain raw materials.In first, citric acid and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol are grafted to carry out reaction, then the remaining four carboxyl groups of grafting are methyl esterification reaction, obtain methyl esterification product, then with N-methyl monoethanolamine acylation reaction obtains hydroxyalkylamide curing agent;Add nanometer titanium dioxide, fully mix and process to obtain the matting curing agent.The curing agent product functionality is higher, the hardness of coating film after curing is higher, and the boiling water resistance is excellent;And the coating film after curing has obvious matting effect, coating film gloss is basically reached 50-70%, and the decorative property is excellent.

A polyhydric alcohol amine absorbent suitable for a CO2 capture process from a flue gas with a low CO2 partial pressure, which takes continuous operation stability and safety into account. The polyhydric alcohol amine absorbent comprises the following main components: a main absorbent, an auxiliary absorbent, an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor and water, and the concentration of the absorbent is 22-58% by mass fraction, wherein the main absorbent comprises one or two of diethylenetriamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine and hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine; the auxiliary absorbent comprises one or two of monoethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol; the antioxidant comprises one or two of butanone oxime, acetoxime, hydrazine carbonate and ammonium sulfite; the corrosion inhibitor is sodium vanadate; and the balance is desalinated water.

The invention relates to a positive electrode material, a positive plate containing the positive electrode material, a preparation method and a lithium ion battery. The positive electrode material comprises a positive electrode active material, conductive carbon black, a carbon nanotube, polyvinylidene fluoride and an additive, the additive is selected from one or more of polyether with the weight-average molecular weight of 80-1000 and containing-R1-O-R2-structural units, and R1 and R2 are independently selected from C1-6 alkylene; ethyl cellulose; the catalyst is selected from one or more of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol and tromethamine, and the micromolecular alcohol is selected from one or more of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol and tromethamine. According to the present invention, by adding the specific additive to the positive electrode material, the stability and the dispersibility of the positive electrode slurry can be improved, such that the current collector can be coated at the high surface density under the condition of no cracking so as to improve the flexibility and the energy density of the positive electrode plate containing the positive electrode material;

Provided is a polyester film containing a first polyester resin that includes a first acid unit and a first alcohol unit. The first acid unit includes 90 mol% or more of terephthalic acid units with respect to the total amount of the first acid unit, and the first alcohol unit includes 50 mol% or more of ethylene glycol units, 5-40 mol% of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol units, and 0.1-5 mol% of diethylene glycol units with respect to the total amount of the first alcohol unit. The content of the first polyester resin is 80 mass% or more with respect to the total amount of the polyester film, and the thickness of the polyester film is 25-100 μm.

The application discloses a kind of super branched chain high-performance environmentally friendly phthalate plasticizers, PVC product and its preparation method and application, belong to material technical field.The super branched chain high-performance environmentally friendly phthalate plasticizers are esterified and polycondensed by polybasic acid and mixed dihydric alcohol in the presence of catalyst, and are obtained by monohydric alcohol end-capping;Polybasic acid includes trimellitic anhydride, mixed dihydric alcohol includes at least two of methyl propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.The super branched chain high-performance environmentally friendly phthalate plasticizers are well compatible with PVC, good color, with good viscosity, density, acid value and other performance indicators, which is used in PVC product, can make PVC product not only has superior aging resistance and electrical insulation performance, but also has outstanding oil extraction resistance, migration resistance, volatile resistance and thermal stability performance.

The application relates to a low-eutectic solvent-based gel electrolyte, a preparation method and a zinc-air battery, and belongs to the technical field of metal-air batteries. Choline chloride and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol are prepared into a deep eutectic solvent, then zinc acetate dihydrate solution, acrylic acid monomer, a crosslinking agent and a photoinitiator are sequentially added, the mixture is uniformly mixed, photopolymerization is carried out, and a low-eutectic solvent-based gel is obtained. The electrolyte is obtained by soaking the gel in a mixed solution of potassium hydroxide and zinc salt. The zinc anode protection capability and the low-temperature adaptability of the gel electrolyte can be improved. The gel electrolyte is assembled into a zinc-air battery together with a zinc electrode and an air electrode, and the cycle life and the operation stability of the battery in a low-temperature environment can be effectively improved.

The present invention provides an active energy ray-curable resin composition capable of forming a film having high adhesion to a substrate, excellent weather resistance, and excellent tensile elongation properties at high temperatures, as well as a cured product thereof and a protective film. The present invention relates to an active energy ray-curable resin composition containing a urethane acrylate, the urethane acrylate having structural units derived from an alicyclic isocyanate compound, an aromatic polyol compound, a polycarbonate diol, and a (meth)acrylic compound having a hydroxyalkyl group, and the polycarbonate diol has an alicyclic structure or a heterocycle.

The invention relates to a system and a method for preparing 2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol diacetate. The system comprises: a preheater, which is used for preheating 2-methylene-1, 3-propylene glycol diacetate and hydrogen; the hydrogenation reactor is connected with the preheater and is used for providing a reaction place for hydrogenation reaction of 2-methylene-1, 3-propylene glycol diacetate and hydrogen; the hydrogenation reactor is filled with a hydrogenation catalyst loaded with a Pd-based bimetallic catalyst; the gas-liquid separator is connected with the hydrogenation reactor and is used for separating the 2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol diacetate generated in the hydrogenation reactor from the residual hydrogen; and the refining tower is connected with the bottom of the gas-liquid separator and is used for purifying the 2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol diacetate. Compared with the prior art, the method is good in atom economy, low in raw material cost, high in catalyst activity, good in stability, high in production continuity degree, simple in reaction separation process, high in product purity and suitable for large-scale production.

The invention provides a titanium dioxide slurry and a coating using the same, the titanium dioxide slurry comprises the following components by weight: 70-75 parts of titanium dioxide, 0.3-2 parts of hyperbranched polyester, 0.2-1.5 parts of a multifunctional regulator, and 0.5-3.5 parts of a dispersant; the number-average molecular weight of the hyperbranched polyester is 1000 to 8000 g / mol, and the hydroxyl value of the hyperbranched polyester is 350 to 650 mg KOH / g; the multifunctional regulator is organic amine, and the organic amine comprises at least one of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol and triethanolamine; the dispersing agent is a modified styrene-maleic acid copolymer solution, and the content of active ingredients in the modified styrene-maleic acid copolymer solution is not less than 30%. The titanium dioxide slurry has good dispersity and storage stability, so that the titanium dioxide slurry can be well dispersed and stably exist in a coating when being applied to the coating as a pigment, high covering power is achieved, and when the titanium dioxide slurry is applied to stain-resistant and matte coatings, it can be guaranteed that the coating still has good stain resistance and matte performance.

The invention relates to an astragalus membranacus root extract-containing composition for soothing, repairing and moisturizing skin, the composition comprises an astragalus membranacus root extract, glycerol, methylpropanediol, soothing and repairing components, an antioxidant, a thickening agent and water, and in the cosmetic composition, the weight percentage of the astragalus membranacus root extract is 1-2%. The composition has excellent soothing, repairing and moisturizing functions, and can improve the skin barrier function and effectively relieve the sensitive skin problem.

The present invention relates to an antimicrobial composition applicable to a powder formulation, the antimicrobial composition containing a combination of caprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, and p-anisic acid, or a combination of 1,3-propanediol, methylpropanediol, and p-anisic acid. Due to containing a combination of specific components, when the antibacterial composition is applied to a powder formulation, the antibacterial composition exhibits appropriate antiseptic properties even at a low content, and the powder formulation has excellent stability because mold mycelium or moisture condensation is prevented from occurring even in a high humidity environment.

The invention belongs to the technical field of automobile exterior trimming part coatings, and relates to a preparation method of a water-based automobile transparent PC highlight varnish and a coating thereof.The preparation method of the varnish comprises the steps that firstly, polycarbonate diol and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate are subjected to a primary heating reaction; then carrying out a secondary heating reaction with n-butyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, mercaptoethanol, cyclohexyl methacrylate, methyl propylene glycol monomethyl ether and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate; adding alkali to neutralize, and mixing with water to prepare a water-based polycarbonate modified acrylic acid dispersion; then mixing with a water-based defoaming agent, a water-based flatting agent, a water-based coalescing agent, a thickening agent and an amine neutralizer to obtain a component A; mixing a water-based curing agent with a solvent to obtain a component B; and mixing the component A and the component B to obtain the water-based automobile transparent PC highlight varnish. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of high luminosity, hardness, aging resistance, excellent PC adhesive force, simple preparation process, low cost, small pollution and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of photocatalytic adsorption materials, and discloses a preparation method of a photocatalytic adsorption material, hydroxyl in nano zinc oxide and epoxy groups in epoxy chloropropane are subjected to a ring-opening reaction to obtain hydroxypropyl chlorinated zinc oxide, chitosan is alkalized by sodium hydroxide, and the chitosan is subjected to a reaction to obtain the photocatalytic adsorption material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out a substitution reaction on amino contained in the chitosan and chlorine in hydroxypropyl chlorinated zinc oxide to obtain chitosan-loaded nano zinc oxide, carrying out a ring-opening reaction on 2-amino-2-methyl-1, 3-propylene glycol and pyromellitic dianhydride to obtain an intermediate 1, adding a p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst into the intermediate 1, and carrying out a polymerization reaction to obtain hyperbranched polyesteramide. And finally, stirring and mixing the chitosan-loaded nano zinc oxide and the hyperbranched polyesteramide to obtain the photocatalytic adsorption material. The prepared photocatalytic adsorption material has an excellent photocatalytic adsorption effect on methylene blue.

This application relates to the technical field of polymer synthesis, specifically disclosing a methyl propylene glycol-modified polyester and its preparation method. A methyl propylene glycol-modified polyester is prepared by esterification-polymerization of raw materials in the following molar ratio: terephthalic acid and a diol; the diol includes ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and methyl propylene glycol; the methyl propylene glycol is subjected to cyclodextrin inclusion treatment before use; the molar ratio of terephthalic acid, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and methyl propylene glycol is 1:(0.7~0.9):(0.01~0.05):(0.2~0.6). The methyl propylene glycol-modified polyester obtained by this application has a low melting point and good mechanical properties.

The invention belongs to the technical field of daily cosmetics, and particularly discloses double-continuous-phase cleansing oil and a preparation method thereof. The bicontinuous phase cleansing oil comprises a component A and a component B. The component A is prepared from 1%-10% of PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, 10%-20% of PEG-20 glyceryl triisostearate, 10%-30% of cetyl alcohol ethyl hexanoate, 10%-30% of coconut oil alcohol-octoate / caprate and 10%-20% of isododecane. The component B is prepared from 1 to 15 percent of methylpropanediol, 1 to 10 percent of glycerol, 0.5 to 2 percent of radix gentianae macrophyllae extract, 1 to 10 percent of butanediol, 0.5 to 2 percent of 1, 2-hexanediol, 0.5 to 3 percent of 1, 2-pentanediol, 0.5 to 2 percent of cordyceps sinensis mycelium powder and the balance of water. According to the present invention, the component A and the component B are mixed to form the continuous and stable three-dimensional network structure with the oil channel and the water channel penetrating through each other, such that the instant emulsification, the easy washing, the refreshing skin feeling and the functional component can be provided so as to achieve the omnibearing cleaning;

This invention discloses a biodegradable PBAT coating resin, its preparation method, and its applications, belonging to the field of polymer material modification technology. The specific preparation method involves: PBAT-M copolymers are prepared by polycondensation of terephthalic acid, adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol under a catalyst; the PBAT-M copolymer, initiator, and maleic anhydride are mixed and melt-extruded to obtain maleic anhydride-grafted modified PBAT-M copolymers; silica nanoparticles are dispersed in an acetic acid solution of chitosan to obtain chitosan surface-functionalized silica nanoparticles; the maleic anhydride-grafted modified PBAT-M copolymer, chitosan surface-functionalized silica nanoparticles, flow modifier, and PBAT are mixed and melt-extruded to obtain a biodegradable PBAT coating resin. This invention improves melt flowability by introducing a side-methyl-containing comonomer, enhances interfacial adhesion to paper substrates through maleic anhydride grafting, and imparts antibacterial and reinforcing properties to the material through chitosan surface-functionalized nanoparticles.

The present application relates to the technical field of daily necessities and specifically discloses an anti-hair loss and growth serum and its preparation method. The anti-hair loss and growth serum of the present application comprises, by weight percentage, the following components: a modified caffeine mixture 0.1-5.0%; a polypeptide mixture 0.1-3.0%; a plant essence 0.1-20.0%; methylpropanediol 0.1-30.0%; PCA zinc 0.1-1.0%; niacinamide 0.05-2.0%; trehalose 0.5-2.0%; betaine 0.1-3.0%; a daily fragrance 0.1-0.6%; PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil 0.1-1.0%; a preservative 0.2-1.0%; citric acid 0.05-0.2%; sodium citrate 0.05-0.5%; and the balance deionized water. The anti-hair loss and hair growth serum produced with this composition ratio, thanks to its high caffeine content, effectively and consistently enhances its anti-hair loss and hair growth efficacy. Furthermore, the combination of the plant essence and peptide mixture nourishes hair follicles, improves the scalp environment, and promotes hair growth.

The invention relates to an underfill adhesive and a preparation method thereof, the underfill adhesive comprises the following raw materials by weight: 5-20 parts of epoxy resin, 10-30 parts of modified bismaleimide resin, 1-10 parts of a diluent, 0.1-2 parts of a pigment, 0.1-2 parts of a coupling agent, 5-20 parts of a curing agent, 0.5-5 parts of an initiator, 0.1-5 parts of an accelerator, and 40-70 parts of a filler, the modified bismaleimide resin is a bismaleimide resin modified by methacrylic acid adamantyl ester. According to the invention, the resin contains rigid alicyclic ring (methyl adamantane ester) which has high symmetry and low polarity, so that the polarization loss and the dielectric constant can be reduced, and meanwhile, the maleimide ring has excellent heat resistance, mechanical property and heat and humidity resistance; therefore, the underfill adhesive has the characteristics of low dielectric, high mechanical property, process compatibility, long service life, high reliability and the like.

The invention discloses high-transparency low-carboxyl PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) and a continuous polymerization method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of material preparation. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, independently esterifying 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (PTA) with 2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylene glycol (NPG) and 1, 2-ethylene glycol (MEG) respectively, and further mixing and copolymerizing to finally obtain a repetitive unit PETG consisting of 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid glycol ester and 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid 2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylene glycol ester units. The prepared PETG has the characteristics of high transparency, high strength, high intrinsic viscosity, low carboxyl content, high thermal stability, low micromolecule content and high esterification conversion rate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to an efficient composite flame-retardant electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof, the efficient composite flame-retardant electrolyte comprises an organic solvent, electrolyte lithium salt and additives, and the efficient composite flame-retardant electrolyte is characterized in that the additives comprise perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone, ethoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propylene glycol. The composite flame retardant provided by the invention has more than two flame-retardant elements P and F, the synergistic effect of the flame-retardant elements can reduce the use amount of an additive (only 5% of the additive is added), and the composite flame retardant has an obvious flame-retardant effect in a self-extinguishing test. Meanwhile, the electrochemical performance and the stability of the battery at high temperature are improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of printing ink, discloses alcohol-soluble modified ink for solving wrinkles of a shrink label and a preparation method of the alcohol-soluble modified ink, and is particularly suitable for shrink label printing of a PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) substrate film. According to the ink, a silane coupling agent is adopted to modify polyurethane (PU) and acrylic acid (AR) resin respectively, then an external cross-linking reaction is performed to form a-Si-O-Si-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure (figure 1), and an alcohol solvent taking ethanol as a main component is selected to replace traditional ester and ketone solvents. Through resin modification and solvent system optimization, the prepared printing ink can effectively avoid wrinkling and delaminating phenomena of labels in the thermal shrinkage process, meanwhile, the dual requirements for environmental protection and high performance are met, and the printing ink is suitable for packaging and printing in the fields of drinks, washing, electronics, wines and the like.

This invention provides a polyester film comprising: a first polyester resin including a first acid unit and a first alcohol unit. The first acid unit comprises terephthalic acid units at a total content of 90 mol% or more relative to the total amount of the first acid unit; the first alcohol unit comprises ethylene glycol units at a total content of 50 mol% or more relative to the total amount of the first alcohol unit, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol units at a content of 5 mol% to 40 mol% relative to the total amount of the first alcohol unit, and diethylene glycol units at a content of 0.1 mol% to 5 mol%. The content of the first polyester resin is 80% by mass or more relative to the total amount of the polyester film, and the thickness of the polyester film is 25 μm to 100 μm.

A co-crystal or crystal salt formulation comprising dihydromyricetin (DHM) and a crystal coformer selected from triethanolamine, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-propanediol (Tris-Base), sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and an amino acid; and methods of using the same.

The invention relates to the field of cosmetics, and discloses a whitening mask which is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 0.4 part of nonapeptide-1, 0.4 part of tetrapeptide-30, 0.4 part of carnosine, 1 part of magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and the like. The composition comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.3 part of 1, 3-propylene glycol, 8 parts of methylpropanediol, 0.05 part of ethylhexylglycerin, 0.05 part of butanediol, 30 parts of xanthan gum and 40 parts of water. Euonymus fortunei and hairyvein agrimony are crushed through the crushing frame, the Euonymus fortunei and the hairyvein agrimony are screened through the lifting screen plate in the crushing process, and the lifting screen plate moves up and down during screening, so that screen holes can be prevented from being blocked, and meanwhile, the Euonymus fortunei and the hairyvein agrimony which are not completely crushed can be thrown upwards and crushed again; and after the crushing is finished, the powder is put into the ethanol solution and is completely mixed with the ethanol solution, so that the extraction efficiency and the extraction effect are improved.