The invention relates to a device for treating wastewater during production of pentaerythritol. The device comprises a grille groove, a mechanical grille, an oil isolating pool, an adjusting pool, a combined air floater, an aerated micro-electrolysis system, a high-efficiency anaerobic reactor, an improved SBR reaction tank, a water-collecting pool, an anaerobic biological filter, a monitoring pool, a recycling water pool, an acid adding system, an alkali adding system, a polyaluminum chloride (PAC) dosing system, a polyacrylamide (PAM) dosing system, a sludge pool, a sludge pressing filter system, a blast blower and on-lien monitoring instruments such as PH, COD, a liquidometer, a thermometer and the like, wherein the aerated micro-electrolysis system comprises an acid adjusting pool, a micro-electrolysis reaction tank, a neutral coagulation reaction tank, a settling pool and an intermediate water pool; and all the systems are connected with one another sequentially through pipelines. The device treats the wastewater during production of the pentaerythritol by a combined air floatation, aerated micro-electrolysis, biological treatment and aerated biological filter combined method, so that the effluent quality meets the requirement.