The invention discloses a novel fuel cell based on graphene thermoelectric management layers. The novel fuel cell comprises a flow field plate, a diffusion layer, an anode catalytic layer, a proton exchange membrane, a cathode catalytic layer, a diffusion layer and a flow field plate, wherein the anode catalytic layer and the cathode catalytic layer both belong to catalytic layers, the novel fuel cell is characterized in that the graphene thermoelectric management layers are arranged between the anode catalytic layer and the diffusion layer and between the cathode catalytic layer and the diffusion layer and are prepared by mixing graphene, an alcohol solvent and a dispersing agent, and micro-sized concave-convex structures are arranged on the front surface and the back surface of the proton exchange membrane. The graphene-based thermoelectric management layers have ultrahigh electron conduction rate and ultrahigh thermal conduction rate, electrons generated during the electrochemical reaction process of the catalytic layers of the fuel cell and required electrons can be rapidly exported and imported, electrochemical polarization and ohmic polarization are reduced, and output performance is improved; moreover, a large amount of waste heat generated by a catalyst can be rapidly discharged, and stable electrochemical reaction is maintained; and meanwhile, temperature and electric field in the catalytic layers also can be balanced, and the service life of the fuel cell is prolonged.