The invention discloses a preparation method of a coal-based graphite/carbon composite negative electrode material for a power type lithium ion battery. The method comprises the steps of wetting and mixing, heating and pressurizing, pressure relief treatment, coating modification, carbonization treatment and the like. According to the invention, graphitized anthracite micro powder is used as a raw material, and an environment-friendly solid-phase, low-temperature and low-pressure controllable micro-expansion technology and processes such as coating and carbonization are adopted, so that the prepared negative electrode material has a porous structure and a microcrystal particle structure microcosmically. In addition, the interlamellar spacing of the graphite sheets is enlarged, the graphite sheets are macroscopically represented as micron-scale particles, and the specific surface area is greatly reduced; therefore, a short and developed diffusion channel is easily provided for diffusion of lithium ions, so that diffusion of the lithium ions is accelerated, the lithium ions are suitable for being embedded and embedded out in the charging and discharging process under the conditions of high power and low temperature; meanwhile, the amorphous carbon shell protection layer enables the microcrystalline structure to have structural stability, and charging and discharging under the condition of long circulation can be met. The material has excellent multiplying power, low-temperature performance and cycle performance, and is suitable for being used as a power type lithium ion battery negative electrode material.