The invention discloses a distributed temperature measurement system based on optical fiber radiation attenuation temperature dependency. The system comprises a light source, a coupler, a sensitive optical fiber, a photoelectric detector, a drive circuit, a detection circuit and a computer, the drive circuit drives the light source, the light source emits pulsed light, the pulsed light enters into the coupler, an output optical fiber of the coupler is connected with the sensitive optical fiber, backscattering and reflected light signals of optical fibers are output to the photoelectric detector through the coupler, the photoelectric detector measures the light signals to output the light signals to the detection circuit, the detection circuit converts the detected light signals to electrical signals and subjects the electrical signals to amplification processing to transmit the processed electrical signals to the computer, and the computer performs real-time data processing and display. The sensitive optical fiber is an optical fiber subjected to irradiation and annealing process and has the advantages of being small in size, light, flexible in structure, resistant to electromagnetic interference and electric insulating, the attenuation of the sensitive optical fiber has stable relation of dependency on temperature, and the system can be used for temperature measurement of an electrical power system with high voltage, large current, strong electromagnetic interference, narrow space and the like and is applicable to the fields of tunnel fire early warning, oil exploitation downhole temperature monitoring and the like.