65 results about "Iron industry" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of steel industry, and discloses a multi-specification self-adaptive temperature control rolling process in a bar rolling process, which comprises the following steps: S1, a blank pretreatment stage, S2, an intelligent heating stage, S3, a high-pressure water descaling stage, S4, a multi-pass rolling stage, S5, on-line size monitoring, S6, a post-rolling controlled cooling stage and S7, a finishing stage. The production change time is shortened, on the basis of a specification-temperature-roll gap correlation model, automatic matching of phi 20-100 mm full-specification parameters is achieved, the production change time is shortened to be within 15 minutes (reduced by 60% or above compared with a traditional process), automatic switching of equipment parameters such as an MES system correlation rolling plan, a water cooling box and descaling pressure is achieved, manual adjustment errors are avoided, the multi-specification production qualification rate is increased to 99.5%, and the production efficiency is improved. According to the scheme, the temperature control precision is improved, the product performance is optimized, the three-section temperature of the heating furnace is controlled through the fuzzy PID algorithm, and the bearing steel heating temperature equalization time is shortened by 30%.

The invention discloses a belt type roasting desulfurization and denitrification intelligent advanced control system and a control method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of flue gas purification in the iron and steel industry. Aiming at the problems of poor PID control multivariable coordination capability, high energy consumption and large emission fluctuation in the existing pellet production process, the system comprises a data acquisition unit, an APC server and a DCS controller. The data collector generates a dynamic working condition feature vector through multi-source data fusion; the APC server adopts a model prediction control algorithm to establish a coupling relation model of desulfurization and denitrification efficiency and resource consumption, and outputs an optimization target value; and the DCS controller realizes accurate control based on a feedforward-feedback strategy. According to the method, through multivariable collaborative optimization and dynamic weight adjustment, the unit energy consumption of the slaked lime and the ammonia gas is remarkably reduced on the premise of ensuring that the emission concentration of SO2 and NOx stably reaches the standard, and meanwhile the anti-interference capacity and the operation stability of the system are improved.

A system to treat coke oven gas (COG), in particular coke oven gas produced by a steel plant, configured to receive a coke oven gas stream. The innovative system comprises a compression unit (100) configured to receive the coke oven gas stream, to compress it and to discharge a compressed coke oven gas stream; a separation unit (200) configured to receive the compressed coke oven gas stream, perform a hydrogen (=H2) separation and discharge an hydrogen stream and a gas stream comprising methane (=CH4) and other unreacted components of the coke oven gas stream; a pyrolysis unit (300) configured to receive the gas stream comprising methane and other unreacted components of the coke oven gas and perform pyrolysis of the stream comprising methane and other unreacted components of the coke oven gas stream so to discharge solid carbon (=C) and a gas stream comprising hydrogen and other unreacted components of the coke oven gas stream.

This invention relates to the field of iron and steel smelting technology, and specifically provides a rare earth non-magnetic corrosion-resistant steel bar and its manufacturing method. The chemical composition of the rare earth non-magnetic corrosion-resistant steel bar includes: carbon (C) ≤0.20-0.55%, silicon (Si): 0.40%-0.60%, manganese (Mn): 18%-25%, phosphorus (P) ≤0.035%, sulfur (S) ≤0.020%, chromium (Cr): 3%-6%, copper (Cu): 0.10%-0.20%, rare earth elements (La+Ce): 0.013%-0.018%, with the balance being... The production process of rare earth corrosion-resistant steel bars, which contains iron (Fe) and unavoidable impurities, includes: converter steelmaking → LF refining → billet continuous casting. This invention significantly improves the corrosion resistance of steel bars by designing the composition of rare earth corrosion-resistant steel bars, optimizing the refining process, and adding continuous casting wire feeding process. This meets the modern building's demand for high quality and green environmental protection. The enhanced corrosion resistance not only improves the safety of building structures but also extends their service life. In addition, the addition of rare earth elements helps promote the rational development of my country's rare earth resources and drives the steel industry towards green and low-carbon development.

This utility model relates to the field of concentrated brine technology and discloses a concentrated brine concentration device for the steel industry. The device includes a concentration tank with a cover on top and a concentration assembly inside. In this concentrated brine concentration device, steam contacts the liquid as much as possible before entering the outlet, releasing more latent heat. Compared to direct top dissipation or simple heating, this results in a larger heat exchange area, higher heat utilization, and reduced energy consumption. Simultaneously, the steam pipes are heated to prevent their temperature from falling below the waste liquid temperature, thus avoiding cold spots and preventing salt crystallization on lower surfaces, improving heat exchange efficiency. Regular scraping by a scraper removes initial deposits of crystals or soft scale, preventing further accumulation into hard scale, keeping the steam pipes and concentration tank surface clean, improving heat exchange efficiency, and reducing operating energy consumption.

This invention relates to a dynamic scheduling and safe switching control method for nitrogen substitution compressed air supply in steel sintering processes, belonging to the field of energy medium optimization and automation control in the steel industry. It includes: S1 collecting real-time operational data from key gas-consuming points in the sintering area and nitrogen pipeline supply capacity data to establish a gas demand prediction model; S2 the controller dynamically generates a gas supply scheduling strategy based on predicted demand, including peak pre-pressurization, economic decline, and segmented switching logic; S3 executing a three-layer interlocked safety switching control based on pressure, quality, and equipment during the gas supply process; and S4 statistically analyzing and adaptively correcting the operational data through an operational evaluation module. This invention upgrades nitrogen substitution gas supply from static substitution to dynamic scheduling based on operating conditions, effectively solving problems such as powder caking, frequent unblocking, and corrosion of precision instruments caused by water carryover in compressed air during the sintering process. While ensuring safe and stable gas supply, it significantly reduces energy consumption and operation and maintenance costs.

The invention provides a reagent for treating steel industry membrane concentrated water and a water treatment method, and relates to the technical field of waste liquid treatment.The steel industry membrane concentrated water treatment reagent is prepared from, by mass, 0.8-4.5 parts of a first oxidizing agent, 0.5-3.5 parts of a second oxidizing agent and the balance auxiliary reagents, the first oxidizing agent is composed of 0.3-2.5 parts of sodium peroxide and 0.5-3.5 parts of ozone, the second oxidizing agent is 0.5-3.5 parts of sodium persulfate, and the dosage of the reagent is 3-15 g / L. Ozone is introduced by adopting an ultra-fine bubble technology; when the reagent is used for a water treatment process, ozone and sodium peroxide have a synergistic effect, so that the effect of reducing the COD value in membrane concentrated water is enhanced; an ozone ultra-fine bubble technology is adopted, so that addition of an additional catalyst can be avoided; according to the technology, the COD value of the membrane concentrated water can be effectively reduced, other suspended solids and heavy metal ions are treated, and reuse water meeting the standard is obtained.

The invention relates to a blast furnace molten iron temperature prediction and regulation method, and belongs to the technical field of blast furnace ironmaking production methods. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the steps that relevant parameters of the blast furnace molten iron temperature are collected, preprocessed, normalized and subjected to feature engineering processing, and a KAN-LSTM-Attention molten iron temperature prediction model is constructed; relevant regulation and control rule knowledge of the blast furnace molten iron temperature is collected, and a rule base containing fuzzy judgment rules and operation rules is constructed in combination with production data and expert experience; and dynamic optimization of the rule base is realized through a fuzzy control method, a molten iron temperature decision model is constructed, fuzzy reasoning and defuzzification operation are performed based on a predicted difference value and related parameters, and an optimal control strategy is selected to realize closed-loop regulation and control of the molten iron temperature. The method has the advantages that the model structure is simplified, deployment feasibility is improved, and accurate control over the temperature of the molten iron in the iron and steel industry is achieved.

The invention discloses a method for preparing iron-containing furnace charge from high-proportion specular iron ore concentrate in a near-zero-carbon mode, and belongs to the technical field of ferrous metallurgy. According to the method, after surface activation pretreatment is conducted on the specular iron ore concentrate, the specular iron ore concentrate is evenly mixed with iron-containing and carbon-containing dust and magnetite concentrate, and then the mixture is further evenly mixed with an organic-inorganic composite binder and water to form a mixed material; carrying out compression molding and low-temperature consolidation on the mixture to obtain a cold-pressed block; according to the method, the high-proportion specular iron ore concentrate can be prepared into the cold pressing block which is high in strength, good in reduction performance and low in reduction expansion, and compared with an existing specular iron ore concentrate high-temperature agglomeration treatment process, the method is short in technological process and low in preparation temperature (lt); the method has the advantages of low temperature (300 DEG C), extremely low carbon emission, capability of cooperatively treating iron-containing and carbon-containing solid waste resources while treating specular iron ore concentrate on a large scale, and provision of a new technical route for green and low-carbon transformation in the iron and steel industry.

The invention provides an economic dispatching method and system for a steel smelting production process under demand response, and belongs to the technical field of steel industry load optimization dispatching. The method comprises the following steps: establishing an objective function of price and incentive joint demand response according to power demand response; establishing a state task network model of the iron and steel smelting production process according to the iron and steel smelting process flow; wherein the state task network model is used for representing a coupling relationship between a material flow and a process; establishing production constraint conditions of steel smelting according to the state task network model; and jointly solving the objective function and the production constraint conditions to obtain a scheduling scheme of the steel smelting production process. The method can fully excavate the potential of the industrial load participating in the demand response, effectively optimizes the production scheduling scheme of steel smelting under the demand response, and achieves the balance of economic benefit, production flow and production safety.

The present application relates to a kind of steel industry wastewater advanced treatment process carbon footprint accounting method, comprising: determining the system boundary of the accounting of advanced treatment process;In the system boundary, the advanced treatment process is divided into continuous multiple accounting stages;Identify the direct carbon emission source and indirect carbon emission source of each accounting stage;Determine the emission factor of each carbon emission source;For each accounting stage, based on the activity data specific to each accounting stage and the corresponding carbon emission factor, build a special carbon emission accounting model and account;Summarize the carbon emissions of each accounting stage to obtain the total carbon emissions of the advanced treatment process.The present application first builds a carbon footprint accounting method specifically for the specific complex process chain of "nanofiltration / reverse osmosis salt separation and sodium chloride / sodium sulfate salt separation crystallization" of steel industry wastewater, fills the technical gap of accurate accounting of the entire process in this subfield, and solves the problem of mismatch between general accounting model and specific process.

The application discloses a method for preparing direct reduced iron from iron-containing raw materials with near-zero carbon, and belongs to the technical field of steel metallurgy. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing iron-containing raw materials, an organic-inorganic composite binder, biomass carbon and water, and then sequentially performing high-pressure forming and drying and solidification to obtain cold briquetting; and the cold briquetting is reduced by pure hydrogen to obtain direct reduced iron. The method can prepare cold briquetting suitable for the performance requirements of a shaft furnace for direct reduction at a relatively low temperature (<300 DEG C), and further prepares direct reduced iron by pure hydrogen reduction. The method has a short process flow, near-zero carbon emission, and provides a new technical route for the green and low-carbon transformation of the steel industry.

The present invention discloses a method for joint production of alumina and iron smelting by the Bayer process. Firstly, the raw materials and auxiliary materials are mixed with bauxite containing a high content of iron oxide. Then high-temperature digestion is conducted on the mixed materials. Through this digestion process, a mixed slurry of red mud and sodium aluminate solution is obtained. Subsequently, this mixed slurry is subjected to sedimentation and separation, yielding red mud and sodium aluminate solution respectively. This red mud-based iron concentrate is proportionally mixed with the pre-set iron concentrate and calcium compounds, and then undergoes high-temperature treatment to produce a mixed sinter for use in an iron-smelting blast furnace. When the mixed sinter is fed into the iron-smelting blast furnace, pure iron products are obtained. Finally, the sodium aluminate solution is subjected to seed precipitation and calcination treatment, resulting in the production of alumina.

The invention discloses a full-process intelligent operation platform based on intelligentization of a steel mill, belongs to the technical field of intelligentization of the steel industry, and particularly relates to the field of full-process collaborative management and control integrating multi-source data fusion, digital twinning and intelligent decision technologies. The platform adopts a cloud, edge, end and twin four-layer collaborative architecture, each layer realizes bidirectional data transmission through an encryption protocol, the whole process of sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking and steel rolling is covered, and a multi-mode sensing terminal is deployed on the end side to collect component, working condition, equipment and quality data; carrying out real-time preprocessing and feature extraction on the data by side nodes; the cloud side configures a feature alignment, semantic mapping and time sequence association three-level fusion engine, and constructs a unified data link through an adaptive feature scaling algorithm, a dynamic knowledge graph containing 1200 + entities and a time sequence LSTM network; the twin side constructs a full-flow digital twinborn body to support scene simulation and rehearsal.

The invention discloses a method for electrocatalytic magnetization treatment of red mud by using alkali metal salt, and belongs to the technical field of metallurgical solid waste recovery, dehydrated red mud and alkali metal salt are mixed, and heating and catalytic magnetization are performed in sequence, so that Fe2O3 in the red mud is converted into ferromagnetic Fe3O4 in situ, and Al2O3 and alkali metal salt are promoted to react to generate soluble aluminate at the same time. The product is subjected to water dissolution, magnetic separation, filtration and evaporative crystallization, and high-purity Fe3O4 magnetic mineral powder, non-magnetic slag rich in silicon, titanium and magnesium and recycled products containing aluminum salt can be obtained respectively. By means of the method, efficient separation and recycling of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, silicon and titanium in the red mud are achieved, obtained Fe3O4 can be directly used for the steel industry, and the comprehensive utilization value of the red mud is remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a steel large model system, which comprises a resource layer, a base layer, a large model capability layer, an intelligent engineering layer, a scene package and a business layer, and is characterized in that the resource layer is used for providing data support for basic capability training of the base layer, and the base layer is used for providing support for business capability research and development of the large model capability layer; the large model capability layer is used for providing functional components of business scenes in the iron and steel industry; the intelligent engineering layer is used for packaging and deploying the functional component to form a business application; the scene package is used for providing required services and capabilities for a business scene of steel production based on the business application; wherein the content of the scene packet is divided according to different service scenes; and the business layer is used for meeting business requirements around actual business of steel production based on the scene package. According to the scheme, the digitization and intelligence level of the iron and steel industry can be improved based on a large model.

The invention discloses a method for fixing carbon dioxide through smelting slag with low acid and alkali consumption, and belongs to the technical field of metallurgical solid waste resource utilization. The method is a combined process of leaching free calcium from the smelting slag by water and leaching combined calcium and magnesium from the smelting slag by an organic acid solution, and the organic acid leachate is used for capturing carbon dioxide and producing a light calcium carbonate product after being subjected to hydrolysis and impurity removal. Meanwhile, in the carbon sequestration reaction process, a non-water-soluble organic solvent is introduced to achieve extraction and enrichment of organic acid so as to design an organic acid circulation path, and water leachate is used for pH adjustment in the whole carbon sequestration reaction process. According to the method, cyclic utilization of organic acid is achieved, active alkali components in the smelting slag are fully utilized, acid and alkali consumption is reduced, meanwhile, a light calcium carbonate product with a high additional value is produced as a byproduct, and a brand new path is provided for sustainable recycling and harmless utilization of the smelting slag and carbon capture in the steel industry.

The application relates to the technical field of steel industry process control and data fusion, and discloses a steel product carbon label data and production equipment operation parameter linkage monitoring and abnormality tracing method and system. The method collects equipment operation parameters in real time through deployment of a sensor group and extracts carbon label data from a carbon footprint accounting system; a time-space alignment mapping model is constructed, time tolerance parameters and material flow direction tracking are used to solve the time-space misalignment problem of multi-source heterogeneous data; a double-threshold joint decision logic is used to detect carbon label-equipment correlation abnormalities; based on abnormal contribution degree, a root cause equipment is accurately traced and located, and after fault feature matching, an equipment control instruction is generated; the instruction is issued through an industrial control network to realize equipment state adjustment and closed-loop verification. The application realizes deep fusion and closed-loop feedback of carbon emission data and physical equipment working conditions, solves the technical problem that existing carbon accounting and equipment control are independent of each other, and improves the fine carbon emission control level and abnormal response efficiency.

This invention relates to the field of casting and molding technology in the steel industry, specifically to a high-efficiency dual-station molten iron casting machine, comprising a main carriage traveling assembly, two auxiliary carriage traveling assemblies, and two tilting casting assemblies. The two auxiliary carriage traveling assemblies are respectively located on top of the main carriage traveling assembly. This invention, by setting up the main carriage traveling assembly and installing two independent auxiliary carriage traveling assemblies and tilting casting assemblies on its top, forms an A / B dual-station structure. When station A is performing casting operations, station B can independently move to the iron replenishment position for molten iron replenishment. After station B has finished replenishing iron and returned to the casting position, station A can exit casting for iron replenishment. The two work alternately. This structural design solves the technical problem that the molding line must stop and wait when replenishing molten iron in traditional single-station casting machines, enabling the molding line to operate continuously without interruption, thereby fully utilizing the performance of the molding machine and greatly improving the overall efficiency and equipment utilization rate of the casting production line.

Method for the production of hydrogen and renewable carbon from catalytic pyrolysis of methane for the steel industry including the steps of: - receive a gas stream including methane - receive an amount of amorphous carbon catalyst - at a controlled temperature in a reactor, perform a methane cracking reaction using the amorphous carbon catalyst generating a mixture of hydrogen and an additional gas, preferably methane; and an amorphous coke carbon comprising the catalyst carbon and carbon deposited during cracking.

The invention discloses a load adjustability assessment method and device for the iron and steel industry and electronic equipment, and relates to the field of power systems. The load adjusting capability of the steel industry can be quantified, and support is provided for participation in power grid demand side response. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a plurality of state parameters in a steel production scene to obtain a current state; the current state is input into a strategy network, a plurality of action strategies output by the strategy network in the current state are obtained, the action strategies comprise power adjusting tracks of all the load units in a preset time period, and the power adjusting tracks comprise adjusting instructions of power down-regulation or up-regulation; the current state and the action strategy in the current state are input into a value network, a value evaluation value output by the value network is obtained, and the value evaluation value is an expected value of an accumulated reward which can be obtained by the action strategy in the current state; and determining an optimal action strategy in the current state through the value evaluation value, and evaluating the adjustable capability of the load unit in the preset time period according to the optimal action strategy.

This invention discloses a dual-functional material based on steel slag, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of solid waste resource utilization and environmental pollution control technology. The method uses steel slag, a solid waste from the iron and steel industry, as raw material, and prepares an iron-rich catalyst and a calcium-rich adsorbent through selective leaching. The iron-rich catalyst efficiently activates PMS in a photocatalytic persulfate (PMS) system to degrade tetracycline antibiotics in water; simultaneously, the calcium-rich adsorbent can capture CO2 generated during antibiotic degradation in situ, thus achieving multiple objectives of solid waste resource utilization and pollution and carbon reduction. This invention utilizes widely available and inexpensive raw materials and employs a simple process, effectively improving the high-value-added resource utilization level of steel slag and overcoming the carbon emission problems associated with traditional advanced oxidation technologies, providing a new approach for synergistic technologies of wastewater treatment and carbon reduction.

This invention discloses a process for producing converter slagging agent from lithium extraction residue of electrolytic aluminum ash. Addressing the characteristic that lithium extraction residue of aluminum ash contains multiple fluxing components for converter steelmaking, this invention employs an innovative process method. Utilizing the principles of calcination dehydration and reduction desulfurization, the harmful sulfur component in the lithium extraction residue is removed to a level that meets the standards for steelmaking flux, making it a steelmaking flux raw material that can be directly utilized in converter steelmaking. This invention provides a highly competitive process for the large-scale treatment of lithium extraction residue from hazardous waste of electrolytic aluminum in the steel industry, demonstrating the technological advantages of cross-disciplinary innovation.

The invention relates to anti-melting-loss blast furnace coke with a gradient response coating and a preparation method of the anti-melting-loss blast furnace coke. The anti-melting-loss blast furnace coke sequentially comprises a carbon core, a bottom porous transition layer, a middle composite functional layer and a surface compact barrier layer from inside to outside, the bottom porous transition layer is used for buffering thermal stress; the middle composite functional layer is used for generating glass phase energy flow and blocking generated microcracks; the surface compact barrier layer is used for preventing CO2 gas and alkali metal steam from being in contact with the carbon core and inhibiting the dissolution loss reaction. The invention provides a full-chain solution scheme from material design, structure innovation to process implementation, and a layer of intelligent armor is covered on coke, so that the coke is converted from a passive consumable to an intelligent material capable of actively adapting to different smelting environments in a blast furnace, and the intelligent material can actively adapt to different smelting environments in the blast furnace. And finally, the operation efficiency of the blast furnace is improved, the fuel consumption is reduced, the carbon emission is reduced, and the green and intelligent development of the steel industry is promoted.

The invention discloses a DCGAN-based steel production equipment vibration anomaly detection method, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining equipment high-frequency acceleration data from a server, carrying out the FFT conversion, converting a time domain signal into a frequency domain feature, and generating a 1024-point data segment through a sliding window; a DCGAN architecture is adopted, a generator generates simulation data through transposition convolution, a discriminator uses a convolutional network to judge the authenticity of the data, and the asymmetric training round proportion of three times of training of the discriminator and two times of training of the generator is adopted; and loading the trained discriminator model, calculating the discrimination score of the real-time data of the vibration signal, and triggering an alarm when the discrimination score is lower than a threshold value. According to the method, through fusion of fast Fourier transform frequency domain analysis and generative adversarial network feature learning, intelligent feature extraction and dynamic anomaly detection of high-frequency vibration signals are realized, and the method is especially suitable for real-time state monitoring and early fault early warning of rotating mechanical equipment in the iron and steel industry.

The steel industry wastewater advanced treatment system provided by the utility model comprises an adjusting tank, a multi-stage precipitation structure, a multi-stage filtering structure, a first-stage reverse osmosis structure and an anion-cation particle exchange structure which are connected in sequence, steel wastewater sequentially passes through an adjusting tank, a multi-stage precipitation structure, a multi-stage filtering structure, a first-stage reverse osmosis structure and an anion-cation exchange structure, produced soft water and demineralized water are recycled for high-end users of steel enterprises, produced sludge is recycled for a sintering system, produced concentrated water is used for blast furnace water slag flushing and steel slag hot stuffy slag processes, and the produced concentrated water is recycled for high-end users of the steel enterprises. The recyclable water quantity and the recycled water quality are effectively improved, generated sludge and concentrated water can also be automatically consumed in iron and steel enterprises, the economic sustainability of a project is good, and the energy-saving and emission-reducing effects are remarkable.

The invention provides a green electricity driven hydrocarbon synergistic cycle shaft furnace process, and relates to the technical field of hydrogen metallurgy gas-based shaft furnaces. The process comprises the following steps: reforming and heating part of dedusted and dehydrated top gas and CH4 in pressurized feed gas, so that CH4, H2O and CO2 are converted into H2 and CO, and reducing gas is obtained; the method comprises the following steps of: after spraying in from a reducing gas inlet of the shaft furnace, enabling a descending furnace charge to finish most carburization near the reducing gas inlet of the shaft furnace through sufficient reducing gas, and finishing step-by-step reduction and small part carburization of Fe2O3-Fe3O4-FeO-Fe of the furnace charge in a reducing area of the shaft furnace to obtain a high-metallization furnace charge, and then conveying the high-metallization furnace charge to an electric smelting separation furnace to be molten into molten iron. And the dedusted and dehydrated furnace top gas is used as process gas, and the process gas is humidified and returned to the outside of the furnace for reforming and electric heating so as to form gas circulation. According to the invention, carbon is replaced by electricity and carbon is replaced by hydrogen, so that the combustion consumption of fossil fuel and the emission of carbon dioxide are obviously reduced, and a feasible new path is provided for realizing green and low-carbon transformation in the steel industry.

The invention discloses a high-speed steel rail anti-decarburization coating formula and a manufacturing method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of metal material surface treatment. The formula comprises the following components: a high-temperature framework material: 40-50% by mass of alumina; a densifier: 20-30% by mass of silicon dioxide; a carbon diffusion inhibitor: 10-20% by mass of silicon carbide; a sintering accelerator: 5-10% by mass of magnesium borate; a thermal expansion regulator: 3%-7% by mass of nano zirconium oxide; and a bonding enhancer: 1-3% by mass of water-soluble sodium silicate. The invention also discloses a manufacturing method thereof. Through well-designed coating components and a meticulous preparation technological process, the decarburization phenomenon of the steel billet during high-temperature heating is effectively prevented, meanwhile, the comprehensive performance of the coating is remarkably improved, and the requirements of the modern steel industry for high-quality steel billets are met.