The invention belongs to the technical field of coherent optical communication systems, and provides a coherent optical communication system based on a microcavity optical soliton crystal frequency comb for solving the problems of high laser cost, and poor consistency of local oscillator light and signal light frequency in the existing coherent optical communication system technology. According tothe coherent optical communication system provided by the invention, an optical soliton crystal frequency comb is used as a light source of the communication system at a transmitting end, dozens or more optical carriers can be generated at the same time, thereby reducing the demand for the narrow linewidth laser at the transmitting end of the coherent optical communication system, and compared with the traditional coherent optical communication system, the cost is greatly reduced; another optical soliton crystal frequency comb source is used for providing a local oscillator light signal for acoherent optical demodulator at a receiving end, and the two optical soliton crystal frequency comb sources in the system use the light signal emitted by the same laser as the pumping light, becausethe local oscillator light and the optical carrier signal have approximately the same frequency, so the consistency is good, the coherence is good, the emission wavelength of the laser does not need to be accurately controlled, and the performance requirements of the system for the laser is reduced.