101 results about "Nitroethane" patented technology

The invention discloses a synthesis method of metaraminol bitartrate, and in particular provides a method for synthesizing metaraminol bitartrate by using a chiral catalysis method. The synthesis method comprises the steps: catalyzing a chiral addition reaction of hydroxybenzaldehyde and nitroethane by using a chiral catalyst system consisting of cinchona alkaloid, copper acetate hydrate and less imidazole to obtain an addition product with a dominant required spatial configuration, and then reducing nitro by using hydrogen in the presence of Pd-C to obtain amine to obtain aramine, and salifying the aramine with L(+)-tartaric acid to obtain a final product metaraminol bitartrate. According to the synthesis method, an enzyme catalyst is prevented from being used, a raw material of the synthesis reaction is easily available, the chiral catalyst is easily purchased or prepared self, the synthesis steps are relatively less, the chiral control efficiency is higher, the enantioselectivity is high, the yield is good, the reaction operation is easily controlled, and is safe and reliable, and the foundation is laid for the later industrialized amplification production.

The invention relates to a preparation method for progestin. 4-androstenedione is used as a raw material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: A, etherate is synthetized, wherein the 4-androstenedione and triethyl orthoformate perform an acid catalyzed reaction in organic solvents of dichloromethane, low-carbon alcohol and the like to obtain the etherate 3-ethoxy-androstane-3, 5-diolefin-17-ketone; B, a nitro substance is synthetized, wherein the etherate in the organic solvents and nitroethane perform 17-bit addition under the catalysis of ethylenediamine to obtain the nitro substance 3-ethoxy-20-nitro-pregnane-3, 5, 17 (20)-triene; and C, the progestin is synthetized, wherein the nitro substance is reduced by zinc powder in organic solvents of acetic acids, low-carbon alcohol and the like, acid hydrolysis is performed, so that semi-finished products of the progestin are obtained, the semi-finished products of the progestin are decolored and refined by alcohol and activated carbon to obtain the progestin, the content of HPLC is more than 99.5%, the melting point is 128-131 DEG C, and the total yield of synthetized weight is 83-87%. When the method disclosed by the invention is used for producing the progestin, the yield is high, the degree of purity is good, the quality is stable, the solvent recovering rate is high, and the method is economic and environment-friendly.

The invention relates to a liquid fuel, and particularly a liquid carbonaceous fuel of the mixture of hydrocarbons and alcohol ether. The alcohol ether gasoline used in new energy vehicles comprises 25 to 85 percent of gasoline constituents and 15 to 75 percent of alcohol ether-major other chemical raw materials by weight percentage, wherein the components of the alcohol ether-major other chemical raw materials and the weight proportions thereof in the alcohol ether gasoline used in new energy vehicles are as follows: industrial methanol: 10 to 60 percent, n-hexane: 0 to 3 percent, isopropyl chloride: 0 to 1 percent, trichloroethylene: 0 to 1 percent, epichlorohydrin: 0.2 to 3 percent, bromoethanol: 0.2 to 2 percent, isodibutyl ether: 0.5 to 2 percent, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether: 0 to 1 percent, lauric acid : 0.4 to 2 percent, methyl chloroacetate: 0 to 4 percent, isopropyl nitrate: 0.2 to 4 percent, trimethyl phosphate: 0 to 3 percent, nitromethane: 0.1 to 1 percent, nitroethane: 0 to 1 percent, nitroguanidine: 0 to 3 percent, cyclopentadiene: 0 to 4 percent, and n-butylamine: 0 to 1 percent.

The invention discloses a preparation method of eliglustat serving as a medicament for an I type Gaucher disease. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out Henry reaction on 2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-benzodioxane-6-aldehyde and 2-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)-1-nitroethane in the presence of a chiral catalyst, and then carrying out nitro reduction and amidation reaction on the product to prepare the eliglustat (I). The preparation method is easy in raw material acquisition and simple and concise in process, is economical and environmentally friendly and is suitable for industrial production. Meanwhile, the invention also discloses 2-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)-1-nitroethane (III) serving as a raw material for preparing the eliglustat and a preparation method of the eliglustat.

An improved fuel additive formulation, method of use, and method of producing the fuel formulation are described. The improved fuel additive of the present invention comprises a mixture of nitroparaffins (comprising nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitropropane), and a combination of modified commercially available ester oil and / or a solubilizing agent, and / or toluene. The ratio of ester oil and / or solubilizing agent and / or toluence to nitroparaffin is preferably less than 20 volume percent, with nitroparaffins comprising the balance of the additive. A method of preparing and using the additive formulation is also provided.

The invention pertains to the technical field of nanometer supramolecular materials, and relates to a nanometer supramolecular assembly of a perylene diimide derivate modified by full methylated Beta-cyclodextrin loaded by polyvinylidene fluoride membrane and a preparation method thereof. The chemical formula of the molecular assembly is C138H226N2O72, and the structure thereof is shown as in an attached drawing. The perylene diimide derivate modified by the red fully methylated Beta-cyclodextrin is dissolved to obtain the nanometer supramolecular assembly. The method adopts the strong fluorescence of solid perylene as a detecting singnal, takes an empty chamber of the fully methylated Beta-cyclodextrin as a receptor of an air molecule, thereby solving two difficulties of strong fluorescence in a solid state in the construction of a fluorescence sensor and the introduction of a suitable air molecular receptor. The nanometer supramolecular assembly of the perylene diimide derivate modified by full methylated Beta-cyclodextrin loaded by PVDF member realizes quick detection of the fluorescence sensing function of the air molecules of nitromethane, nitroethane and nitrobenzene in 10s.

The invention discloses a compound quick-action inhibitor against generation of methane in the technical field of greenhouse gas emission reduction. The preparation method comprises: 1) mixing nitroethane, 2-nitroethylalcohol and 2-nitryl-1-propyl alcohol by weight percent of 0-5:0-6:0-7 (the weight percents can not be 0 simultaneously) to formulate solution A; and 2) mixing pyromellitic formic diimide and 2-bromoethane sodium sulfonate by weight percent of 0-3:0-2 (the weight percents can not be 0 simultaneously) to formulate powder B. The compound quick-action inhibitor has very obvious effect in inhibiting methane, is especially applicable to inhibiting the action of generating methane in rumen, and is beneficial to protecting the environment and improving the utilization rate of feed energy of ruminants. The preparation method is simple, the operability is strong, and the inhibitor is applicable to livestock and poultry breeding feed processing, livestock and poultry manure excrement biogas treatment and municipal domestic waste biogas treatment, and has the efficiency up to over 90 percent in inhibiting the action of generating methane by microorganism, as well as high practical value.

The invention discloses scaling powder for low-temperature halogen-free low-solid-content lead-free tin soldering. The scaling powder comprises 12 percent to 16 percent of activating agents, 8-10 percent of colophony, 2-3 percent of surface active agents, 0.05-0.1 percent of antioxidants, 5-8 percent of organic amine and the balance organic solvents. The activating agents comprise compound components of 40-57 parts of anhydrous citric acid, 7-14 parts of salicylic acid, 0.6-3.6 parts of lactic acid and 36-43 parts of DL-malic acid, the surface active agents comprise compound component Tween 60 and a Span, the organic amine is one or more of monoethanolamine, diethanol amine and triethanolamine, the antioxidants are tertiary butylhydroquinone, and the organic solvents are mixed solvents of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, nitroethane, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and propylene glycol by mass. According to the method, the scaling powder for low-temperature halogen-free low-solid-content lead-free tin soldering has the advantages of improving the coverage rate of the welding materials and reducing the cost.

The invention relates to an improved preparation method of nitenpyram. The method comprises steps as follows: firstly, 1,1-dichloroethylene has a reaction with a nitration agent comprising hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate to generate 1,1,1-trichlorine-2-nitroethane, and the 1,1,1-trichlorine-2-nitroethane has an elimination reaction with NaHCO3 to generate a 1,1-dichlorine-2-nitroethylene intermediate; secondly, 2-chlorine-5-chloromethylpyridine has a reaction with ethylamine, and an ethylamine intermediate is prepared; thirdly, the ethylamine intermediate has a reaction with 1,1-dichlorine-2-nitroethylene intermediate and monomethylamine, and the final product nitenpyram is generated. NaNO3 is used to replace traditional nitric acid to serve as a target phase transfer catalyst, the reaction selectivity is improved, the yield is higher, and the operation is safer.

The invention discloses a preparation method of efinaconazole (I). The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing asymmetric addition reaction on 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)aceton (II) and nitroethane in the presence of a catalyst cupreine and a promoter benzoic acid to generate (2R,3R)-3-nitro-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)-2-butanol (III); performing nitro reduction reaction on the intermediate (III) to generate (2R,3R)-3-amino-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)-2-butanol (IV); and performing cyclization reaction on the intermediate (IV) and 1,5-di-halogen-3-methylene pentane (V) to prepare efinaconazole (I). The preparation method is easily available in raw materials and concise in process, is economical and environment-friendly and is suitable for industrial production.

Disclosed is a method for separating nitroethane and 2-nitropropane by a combined process of continuous side distillation and extractive distillation. The method comprises the following steps: (1) adding mixed nitroparaffin1 containing 80% to 85% of nitroethane into a continuous side distillation tower so as to obtain a fraction 2 with a boiling range of 105.0 to 106.5 DEG C, a fraction 3 with a boiling range of 116.2 to 117.7 DEG C and a fraction 4 with a boiling range of 123.4 to 125.7 DEG C, wherein the content of nitroethane in the fraction 3 is over 95.5%; (2) allowing the fraction 3 to enter into an extractive distillation tower so as to obtain a fraction 5 containing over 99.4% of nitroethane in the top of the tower and a fraction 6 containing an extracting solvent and 2-nitropropane in the bottom of the tower; (3) treating the fraction 6 in a solvent recovery column and allowing the obtained extracting solvent in the column bottom to flow into the extractive distillation tower for cyclic utilization. According to the invention, the combined process of continuous side distillation and extractive distillation is employed; the process is simple and has high separation efficiency; energy consumption in the separating process is substantially reduced, and therefore production cost is saved.

A pentafluorobutane composition includes, with respect to 100 parts by weight of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane: 0.1 to 5.0 parts by weight of at least one of nitromethane and nitroethane; and 0.1 to 5.0 parts by weight of at least one of 1,3-dioxolane, trimethoxymethane, trimethoxyethane, and 1,2-butylene oxide.

At least one kind of solvent selected from among nitromethane, nitroethane, d-limonene and 3-methoxybutyl acetate is mixed to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane to such an extent as not imparting any flammability. Also, propylene glycol based solvent(s) is mixed to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane to such an extent as not imparting any flammability.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of metaraminol bitartrate, which comprises the following steps of: (1) additive reaction of nitroethane and hydroxybenzaldehyde, (2) additive reaction post-treatment and purification, (3) catalytic hydrogenation and (4) salification, wherein a catalysis system adopted by the additive reaction is copper acetate monohydrate, amine and chiral alkali; the amine in the catalysis system is N,N-diisopropylethylamine and / or triethylamine; the temperature and time of the additive reaction are 0-10 DEG C and 4-6h respectively; pH (potential of hydrogen) of a reaction system is adjusted to 6-7 by acetic acid in the additive reaction post-treatment and purification. On the one hand, N,N-diisopropylethylaine and the like are used to substitute imidazole to form the catalysis system with chiral alkali and copper acetate monohydrate, on the other hand, the pH of the system after the additive reaction is adjusted to 6-7, so that a higher-yield target product can be obtained.

The invention provides a preparation method of an indoline derivative for synthesizing silodosin. Indoline is taken as a starting raw material and reacts with benzoic acid and 1-chloro-3-bromopropane to prepare a compound (1); a reaction is carried out in a Vilsmeier agent, and a formyl group in introduced to the 5th position to prepare a compound (2); the compound (2) and nitroethane undergoes an asymmetric Henry reaction in the catalysis of quinidine-copper acetate to prepare a compound (3); the compound (3) is subjected to acetylation through acetic anhydride to prepare a compound (4); a cyano group is introduced to the 7th position to prepare a compound (6); and two functional groups are reduced through palladium-on-carbon hydrogenation in one step to obtain a high-chiral-purity target compound: (R)-1-[1-(3-benzoyloxypropyl)-5-(2-aminopropyl)-7-cyano]indoline. In the early stage of the method, cheap quinidine is used to perform an asymmetric Henry reaction for introduction of chiral centers, thereby avoiding resolution in the latter stage. The method is reasonable in design, simple to operate, effectively improved in yield and reduced in cost, and therefore is suitable for massive production.

A process for preparing o-ethoxybenzamidine acetate includes such steps as reflux reaction between o-ethoxy benzaldehyde and nitroethane to obtain o-ethoxy benzonitrile, reflux reacting on hydroxyammonium hydrochloride to obtain o-ethoxy benzamidoxime, and catalytic hydrogenating while stirring.

The invention discloses a high-performance soldering flux. The high-performance soldering flux comprises the following ingredients in parts by weight: 3-8 parts of citric acid, 2-6 parts of glutaric acid, 2-6 parts of triisopropanolamine, 1-3 parts of triethanolamine, 12-25 parts of modified rosin, 0.8-2 parts of surfactant, 0.3-0.8 part of benzotriazole, 1-2.8 parts of nano-silver, 0.2-0.9 part of nano-titanium, 0.1-0.5 part of benzimidazole, 2-7 parts of 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, 3-8 parts of nitroethane, 1-5 parts of glycerin monostearate, 2-4.5 parts of pentaerythritol oleate, 0.3-1 part of dodecanedioic acid, 0.3-0.9 part of polyamide modified hydrogenated castor oil, 0.3-2 parts of polyethylene glycol, 50-120 parts of ethyl alcohol and 200-300 parts of water. The high-performance soldering flux is high in activity, excellent in soldering performance and easy to clean; little residues are generated after the high-performance soldering flux is used.

The invention relates to a method for synthesizing a pesticide, and in particular relates to a method for preparing a pesticide nitenpyram. The method for preparing the pesticide nitenpyram is characterized in that 1, 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane is taken as a starting material, and an intermediate of 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2-nitroethane is directly synthesized through elimination reaction and catalytical nitration reaction; 2, 2-chloro-5-nitrapyrin is taken as a staring material, water is taken as solvent, a phase-transfer catalysis technology is adopted, and an intermediate of N-ethyl-2-chloro-5-pyridyl methyl amine is obtained through N-alkylation reaction; and 3, the two intermediates are mixed together, dichloromethane with low toxicity is taken as the solvent, condensation and methyl amination reaction are carried out in a same reaction vessel, and the nitenpyram is produced through extracting, desolventizing and crystallizing. The method for preparing the pesticide nitenpyram has high product yield and purity and a short technological process. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of high total yield, low cost, high product purity, less environmental pollution, benefits for industrial production and the like.

The invention relates to a synthesis method of a furapromide drug intermediate 2-furfuracrylic acid, which comprises the following steps: adding 3.1mol of 2-furylchloromethanol solution (2), 3.6-3.9mol of malonic acid solution (3) and 300ml of nitroethane into a reaction vessel which is provided with a stirrer and a reflux condenser, controlling the stirring rate at 130-170 rpm, heating the solution to 70-75 DEG C, refluxing for 5-8 hours, lowering the temperature of the solution to 8-13 DEG C, adding 310ml of sodium bromide solution and 200ml of potassium bisulfite solution, reacting for 90-120 minutes, standing for 3-6 hours, precipitating a solid, filtering, washing with a salt solution, washing with toluene, washing with ethylenediamine, dehydrating with a dehydrating agent, and recrystallizing in propionitrile to obtain the crystal 2-furfuracrylic acid.

The present invention provides a method of preparing a circuit board water base washing agent.The preparation method is as follows: (1) Park the raw material according to weight; (2) Add benzonyzol, tinhol polyxoline ether, D‑ lemonine, ethyl acetico, ethanlamine, duolinel group in the reaction kettleAlcoholic polyoxide ether carboxylic acid, ethanol, mixing 5‑20min; (3) Continue to add isopropanol, monocycal polyoxide, nitrobacol, cinnamol ether phosphoricate, and be fully stirred and evenly stirred15‑25min; (4) Finally, add sodium sodium hydroxyyl for fork fork and ionic water, oscillation of 20‑35min in the ultrasonic, and settled filtration.The circuit board water base washing agent of the invention is smaller on the human and environmental side effects, and the cleaning efficiency is high. It is suitable for the SMT circuit board printing residual tinnut paste and red glue residue, especially the electronic components and welding pollution contaminated by rubber marks.Cleaning application of printed circuit boards.

The invention discloses a reverse osmosis flame-retardant waterproof layer. The reverse osmosis flame-retardant waterproof layer comprises 2-5 parts of tetrahydrofuran, 11-16 parts of diiodomethane, 20-30 parts of PVC resin, 10-13 parts of stabilizer, 9-13 parts of propylene carbonate, 3-9 parts of phenylcarbinol, 9-12 parts of dibutyl phthalate, 5-7 parts of dimethylethanolamine, 3-5 parts of anti-foaming agent, 2-7 parts of tetrahydrofuran, 8-12 parts of propenol, 13-18 parts of nitroethane, 9-13 parts of glycol, 15-18 parts of crosslinking agent, 3-7 parts of sodium tetraborate, 4-9 parts of mixed phosphate, 13-18 parts of plasticizer, 11-13 parts of auxiliary material, 22-28 parts of expansive fire-retardant system, 28-33 parts of ATO powder, 11-15 parts of E-20 epoxy resin, 22-25 parts of alcohol-soluble acrylate resin, 18-22 parts of fire retardant, 5-7 parts of thickening agent, 15-18 parts of coalescing agent, 1-3 parts of tetrahydrofuran, 11-13 parts of sodium silicate, 3-7 parts of 2-butoxyethanol, 22-25 parts of wood fiber powder, 28-31 parts of carbon fiber powder, 9-15 parts of coalescing agent, 12-16 parts of barium sulfate, 3-7 parts of lime powder and 11-13 parts of auxiliary material.

The invention relates to an improvement on a synthesis method of a tetrahydro-beta-carboline compound (II). The method comprises reacting D-tryptophan methyl ester hydrochloride and piperonal at 50 DEG C-150 DEG C in a certain solvent to obtain hydrochloride of a structural formula (II) compound, wherein the solvent can be nitroethane, dioxane, methylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, benzene or nitrobenzene. The yield and purity of products prepared by the method are greatly improved, and the method is especially suitable for industrial production.

A high-performance soldering flux is made from the following raw materials, by weight, 6-13 parts of citric acid, 4-7 parts of triethanolamine, 2-7 parts of nitroethane,7-9 parts of pentaerythritol oleate, 6-8 parts of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 20-40 parts of tin, 1-5 parts of 2,3-dibromopropyl alcohol, 6-11 parts of dolomite, 2-6 parts of slagging agents, 1-5 parts of zinc chloride, 6-9 parts of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2-5 parts of phenolic resin, 3-8 parts of acetone, 1-4 parts of tin chloride, 6-13 parts of salicylic acid, 2-5 parts of propanol and 6-11 parts of ethyl acetate. The high-performance soldering flux has the advantages that the high-performance soldering flux is low in toxicity and harmless, meanwhile, welding flux and oxide on the surface of welded base metal can be well removed, and welding quality is improved.

The invention discloses a fuel oil additive composition, which is composed of the following components in parts by weight: 10 to 15 parts of nitromethane, 5 to 10 parts of nitroethane, 1 to 5 parts of bromobenzene, 15 to 20 parts of sodium laurate, 3 to 10 parts of sodium tripolyphosphate, 5 to 20 parts of calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, 10 to 30 parts of linoleic acid, 10 to 25 parts of hydrochloric acid, 15 to 25 parts of palmitic acid, 20 to 30 parts of triethanolamine oleate, 5 to 8 parts of osmotic agent, 10 to 35 parts of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, 15 to 25 parts of potassium persulfate, 10 to 25 parts of barium nitrate, 10 to 20 parts of ammonium perchlorate, 5 to 30 parts of potassium chlorate, 6 to 25 parts of monoglyceride stearate, 10 to 35 parts of sorbic acid, 15 to 40 parts of polyglycerol fatty acid ester, and 20 to 45 parts of tartaric acid. The provided fuel oil additive composition can promote reasonable combustion of fuel and save the fuel, and moreover, can generate active groups and inhibit the carbon black to promote the combustion. Furthermore, the dust is reduced, the environmental pollution is relieved, no waste gas or waste water is generated, and the composition does not corrode the machine and increase the wear.

The invention relates to ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, nitro ethane and N, N-diethyl-hydroxylamine analytical method. It's an organic analysis technology. This analysis technology uses gas chromatography by high separation efficiency and high sensitivity FFAR capillary and flame ionization, rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, nitro ethane and N, N-Diethyl-hydroxylamine. The invention has short analysis time, fast, simple, convenient and high-precision, can analysis coexist ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, nitro ethane and N, N-Diethyl-hydroxylamine quickly.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a medical intermediate 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetone. The method comprises steps as follows: firstly, a catalyst containing graphene, zirconia and Ptis prepared, 2-methoxy-4-(2-nitro-1-allyl) phenol is prepared from vanillic aldehyde and nitroethane as raw materials under the catalysis of glacial acetic acid and n-butylamine, and 2-methoxy-4-(2-oximido propyl) phenol is prepared from 2-methoxy-4-(2-nitro-1-allyl) phenol as a reaction raw material by adding ammonium formate and the self-made catalyst through stirring reaction; finally, 2-methoxy-4-(2-oximido propyl) phenol and a sulfuric acid solution are subjected to the stirring reaction for 1-3 h at the room temperature, after the reaction, a reaction liquid is left to stand for layering, a xylene layer is separated out and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, a solvent is removed through reduced-pressure concentration, fractions at 150-151 DEG C are collected, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetone is obtained. The method is simple to operate, purity of a target product is high, yield is high, and cost is low.

A novel hot-melting welding material is prepared by the following raw materials: 11-17 parts by weight of cuprous oxide, 4-8 parts by weight of emulgator, 0.5-2 parts by weight of OP-10, 3-5 parts by weight of nano-silver, 7-10 parts by weight of benzimidazole, 1.2-5 parts by weight of diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, 4-7 parts by weight of malonic acid, 4-9 parts by weight of stearic acid, 3-7 parts by weight of rutile, 1.2-2 parts by weight of diammonium phosphate, 4-10 parts by weight of vanadium-nitrogen alloy, 8-10 parts by weight of EVA resin, 2-5 parts by weight of octanol, 2-4 parts by weight of ethylamine hydrochloride, 8-13 parts by weight of fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, 5-10 parts by weight of ferrotitanium and 6-10 parts by weight of nitroethane. The novel hot-melting welding material has the advantages that the novel hot-melting welding material enables the welding effect to be improved, is more smooth and firm and meanwhile has no influence on the performance of welding parts.

The invention discloses a preparation method of 1, 3-dimethyl-pentylaminehydrochloride. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing condensation and dehydration on 2-methylbutyraldehyde used a starting material and nitroethane under the catalyzing of an acetic acid / ethylenediamine composite catalyst in a methylbenzene solvent to obtain a nitroolefin compound; reducing through potassium borohydride or sodium borohydride; then reducing through palladium carbon and acidizing through hydrochloric acid to obtain 1, 3-dimethyl-pentylaminehydrochloride. The preparation method of 1, 3-dimethyl-pentylaminehydrochloride has the advantages that the raw materials are simple and easy to obtain; the reaction condition is mild; the total yield is high; the industrial production can be performed well.