The invention discloses a local calcium circulation and pure oxygen combustion coupling carbon capture device and process for cement production, and the device comprises a preheater-carbonization furnace-rotary kiln module, a pure oxygen combustion decomposing furnace module and an auxiliary and purification device. The preheater-carbonization furnace-rotary kiln module comprises a raw material feeding device, a first-series cyclone preheater, a carbonization furnace, a second-series cyclone preheater, a smoke chamber, a rotary kiln, a tertiary air pipe, a rotary kiln combustor and a cooling machine. The pure oxygen combustion decomposing furnace module comprises a decomposing furnace, a decomposing furnace combustor, a third-series cyclone preheater and a booster fan. The auxiliary and purification device comprises a first SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction) device, a second SNCR device, an air distribution device, a first material distribution device, a second material distribution device, a first heat exchange device, a second heat exchange device, a condensation and water removal device, a CO2 collection and storage device, a dust removal device, an SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) device and a flue gas exhaust device. Through modular separation and coupling, the CO2 capture and utilization difficulty is reduced, and good economical efficiency is achieved.