529 results about "Thermo chemical" patented technology

The invention relates to processes that efficiently convert carbon-containing materials, such as biomass, into products in such a manner that the energy, carbon, and mass content of the materials are efficiently transferred into such products. Such methods include converting the materials into at least one intermediate by a biological conversion process and at least one intermediate by a thermochemical conversion process and reacting the intermediates to form the product. Such methods have a chemical energy efficiency to produce the product that is greater than the chemical energy efficiency of a solely biological conversion process to produce the product and that is greater than the chemical energy efficiency of a process in which all of the material is initially subjected to a thermochemical conversion step as part of the process to produce the product.

Production of synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuel from carbon containing moieties such as biomass, coal, methane, naphtha as a carbon source and hydrogen from a carbon-free energy source is disclosed. The biomass can be fed to a gasifier along with hydrogen, oxygen, steam and recycled carbon dioxide. The synthesis gas from the gasifier exhaust is sent to a liquid hydrocarbon conversion reactor to form liquid hydrocarbon molecules. Unreacted CO & H₂ can be recycled to the gasifier along with CO₂ from the liquid hydrocarbon conversion reactor system. Hydrogen can be obtained from electrolysis of water, thermo-chemical cycles or directly by using energy from carbon-free energy sources.

To deal with climate change, the present invention provides an eco-engineering for systematic carbon mitigation, in particular, a comprehensive carbon management system with a group of Stabilized Functional Carbons (SFCs) to reduce the total amount of carbons in atmosphere. SFCs are sourced and manufactured from the carbon-fixed biomass by one of the seven thermo-chemical treatments or one dehydration treatment with no less than 75% carbon conversion rates of the source material. The present invention transforms the perishable biomass into SFCs, which act as a carbon sink with stability and safety for at least 40 years' storage. The primary eco-friendly carbon and non-carbon mitigation are achieved by the sourcing, manufacturing and storage of SFCs. The advanced eco-friendly carbon and non-carbon mitigation are achieved at various pollution emission sources by the resource utilization of SFCs. An annual total amount of 0.5-10 billion tons of carbon emission could be reduced globally.

The invention provides a method for preparing phenolic chemicals through the thermo-chemical conversion of industrial lignin. The method is as follows: under the common functions of solid acid catalyst and hydrogen supply solvent, industrial lignin performs atmospheric thermo-chemical conversion in high boiling point organic reaction medium to prepare homogeneous low molecular weight organic matter with rich phenolic compounds such as phenol, methoxyphenol, dimethoxyphenol and 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, and the organic reaction medium is recycled through the technologies such as vacuum distillation. The method has simple process, good stability and low production cost; and the yield of the prepared phenolic compounds is more than 54%. The method plays an important role in the high-valued comprehensive utilization of the renewable resource, namely ndustrial lignin; and the converted phenolic chemicals can be used to synthesize phenolic resin, prepare high efficiency cement water-reducing agent and further separate, purify and prepare bio-chemicals. Particularly, by adopting the method, the lignin in papermaking black liquid and preparation residue of biological fuel ethanol prepared from cellulose can be converted to phenolic chemicals; and the method has wide application prospect.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an engine fuel gas by using biomass and/or organic waste and particularly relates to a method for producing high-heat value fuel gases for engines (or internal combustion engines) for vehicles and ships by performing primary medium-temperature thermal cracking of a raw material, performing secondary high-temperature thermal cracking and/or catalytic cracking, refining fuel gas, mixing the fuel gas and other steps and by a thermochemical conversion technique.

The present invention discloses the preparation process of active semi-coke H2S desulfurizer. The active semi-coke H2S desulfurizer is prepared with lignite semi-coke, anthracite or soft coal semi-coke and other carbon containing material and through first pressurized hydrothermal chemical modification, subsequent soaking with cuprammonia, CuSO4 solution or K2CO3 solution, drying and high temperature calcining. The present invention has the features of wide material source, low cost, repeated use of the adsorbent product, final use in waste water treatment and as fuel and no secondary pollution. The present invention may be used widely in purifying gas in various plants and environment protecting industry.

The invention discloses a device for producing synthesis gas through biomass gasification and a method of the device. The device mainly comprises a pyrolysis reactor, a gasification reactor, a reforming reactor, a regeneration reactor and heat pipes. In the technological process, biomass is firstly pretreated with a sylvite solution, the pretreated biomass is subjected to pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reactor, coke is gasified in the gasification reactor, the gasification reactor and the regeneration reactor generate hydrogen-rich gas through circulation bed material heat loading and CO2 absorption, and the hydrogen-rich gas enters the reforming reactor to carry out hydrogenation catalytic cracking and reforming on pyrolysis gas. Therefore, the synthesis gas with low tar and high-concentration H2 and CO is obtained through step-by-step pyrolysis, gasification, reforming and regenerative combustion at mild reaction temperature, meanwhile, potassium-rich agricultural fertilizer is by-produced, stepped transfer of heat in the biomass thermo-chemical conversion process is achieved, the energy utilization efficiency is improved, and economic additional value is increased.

The invention discloses a thermo-chemical oil extraction method of offshore thickened oil. The method comprises the following steps of: heating water injected into a heat exchanger to 150-200 DEG C by utilizing high-temperature tail gas or combustion waste heat; then, carrying a surfactant on line by the injected water; injecting a catalyst solution into a section plug; and injecting the surfactant and the catalyst solution into a thickened oil layer to carry out chemically reinforced heat oil displacement. The method disclosed by the invention takes full advantages of local conditions, recycles the waste heat and saves energy; the temperature of the injected water is raised on line to realize low-temperature heat water oil displacement; the conditions are more alleviated (compared with the traditional thickened oil thermo-chemical oil extraction by injecting steam); and the investment cost and the maintenance cost are lower and the energy-saving and synergistic offshore thermo-chemical oil displacement can be realized.

Stress level of a nitride film is adjusted as a function of two or more of the following: identity of a starting material precursor used to make the nitride film; identity of a nitrogen-containing precursor with which is treated the starting material precursor; ratio of the starting material precursor to the nitrogen-containing precursor; a set of CVD conditions under which the film is grown; and/or a thickness to which the film is grown. A rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) film produced by reacting a compound containing silicon, nitrogen and carbon (such as bis-tertiary butyl amino silane (BTBAS)) with NH₃ can provide advantageous properties, such as high stress and excellent performance in an etch-stop application. An ammonia-treated BTBAS film is particularly excellent in providing a high-stress property, and further having maintainability of that high-stress property over repeated annealing.

The present invention relates to a highly conductive carbon nanotube having bundle moieties with ultra low apparent density less than 0.01 g/cc. More specifically, this invention relates to a highly conductive carbon nanotube prepared by following preparation steps of i) preparing the sphere shape of metal catalyst by spray pyrolysis of catalytic metal precursor solution including low molecular weight polymer, ii) synthesizing carbon nanotube using carbon source and obtained metal catalyst according to thermal chemical vapor deposition method; and iii) obtaining a highly conductive carbon nanotube having bundle moieties with ultra-low bulk apparent density.

The invention discloses a manufacturing method for smoke SO2 sorbent with active carbon base. The feature is it uses lignite or anthracite, soft coal semicoke as material, and it is modified with pressing water thermochemical method, being activated by ozone, immersing KI with the same volume, then it is activated in air or N2. The product has an excellent desulphurizing performance, the price is low, and it can be used for industrial smoke desulphurization.

The invention discloses rare-earth-free fluorescent powder for a white light LED and a preparation method of the rare-earth-free fluorescent powder. The rare-earth-free fluorescent powder is prepared from, by mass, 98-99.98% of metal-organic frame material, 0.01-1% of yellow light or green light emission dyestuff and 0.01-1% of red light emission dyestuff. The preparation method includes the following steps that an aromatic carboxylic acid organic ligand and metal salt are subjected to solvothermal/hydrothermal reaction synthesis to obtain the metal-organic frame material; the metal-organic frame material is soaked in a dyestuff solution, and dyestuff molecules/ions enter the metal-organic frame material. The process is simple, conditions are mild, the yield is high, the prepared fluorescent powder is free of a rare earth element, internal quantum efficiency is higher than 75%, and thermo-chemical stability is high. The rare-earth-free fluorescent powder is combined with a blue light LED chip, the color rending index of the prepared white light LED is higher than 80, the color temperature can be continuously adjusted between 2,500 K and 7,000 K, brightness is high, and under injection at the current density of 20 A/cm<2>, the lighting efficiency is higher than 140 lm/W, and luminous decay is low.

The invention relates to a novel process for jointly degrading and saccharifying crop straw by means of thermo-chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The novel process includes steps of 1), mixing the smashed crop straw and soak liquid with each other according to a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1g:9-13ml to obtain mixtures, then carrying out heat-insulation treatment on the mixtures at the temperature of 70-90 DEG C for 6-18h, adding hydrogen peroxide into the mixtures after the heat-insulation treatment is completed, keeping the mixtures at the temperature of 50 DEG C for 6-18h, and fetching and drying the mixtures; 2), transferring the straw obtained in the step 1) into distilled water, adding straw with 20-60 FPU/g of cellulase and straw with 300-600U/g of xylanase into the straw, regulating the pH (potential of hydrogen) of the straw until the pH reaches 4-5, then carrying out enzymatic hydrolysis by the aid of shaking tables at the temperature of 45-50 DEG C for 24-48h, treating the straw at the temperature of 100 DEG C for 30min after enzymatic hydrolysis is completed so as to terminate enzymatic hydrolysis reaction and drying and smashing enzymatic hydrolysis products. The volume of the hydrogen peroxide is 3% of that of the soak liquid. The soak liquid is a lime supernatant with sodium hydroxide, the sodium hydroxide accounts for 2% of the weight of the crop straw, and lime accounts for 5-15% of the weight of the crop straw. The novel process has the advantage that the degradation rate of the straw and the reduced sugar yield (442.85mg/g) of the straw can be obviously increased.

The invention discloses a system and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor thin film solar cell, which can provide continuous and stable thermalchemical temperature-variable reaction conditions in the process of generating a compound thin film by a thermalchemical reaction. The system and the method are particularly suitable for continuously, stably and controllably manufacturing absorbing layers of copper-indium-gallium-selenium polycrystalline thin film solar cells with high yield.

The invention discloses a chloride molten salt heat transfer and heat storage material, as well as a preparation method and a use thereof. The preparation raw materials of the material comprise 20-50% of sodium chloride and 50-80% of calcium chloride. The melting point of the prepared chloride molten salt heat transfer and heat storage material is about 500 DEG C, the upper-limit using temperature can be as high as 800 DEG C, the range of working temperature is wide, the thermal stability is good, and the chloride molten salt heat transfer and heat storage material can be applied to the fields of tower type solar supercritical thermal power generation and condensation solar thermo-chemical utilization; and the material disclosed by the invention can overcome the defect that a molten nitrate salt system can not be applied to the field of solar high-temperature thermal utilization due to low upper-limit using temperature, expand the appications of chlorides to the field of renewable energy and industrial waste heat and improve the development and utilization value of salt lake brine.

A controlled auto-ignition or spark ignition two stroke piston engine, fed by homogeneous air-fuel mixture, with crankcase scavenging, in which the amount of air-fuel mixture transferred from the crankcase to the cylinder is not greater than the 50% of the cylinder volume; said engine has reed valves in the transfer ports that connect the crankcase to the cylinder to control the internal dynamics of the air-fuel mixture, limiting the instantaneous maximum flow that is transferred to the cylinder in order to achieve the best stratification level among the air-fuel mixture and the exhaust residual gases, getting this way the thermo chemical activation of part of the fuel contained in the mixture. Said engine also has a rotary valve adjacent to the cylinder exhaust port that rotates in synchronism with the crankshaft, which closes the exhaust port a few degrees after the piston reaches the bottom dead center, thus preventing the leakage of the thermo chemically activated mixture and holding part of the burnt gases inside the cylinder. Then, during the compression stroke, more heat is given to the thermo chemically activated mixture decomposing part of the fuel contained in it into activated radicals which act as igniters when close to the top dead center firing the mixture in a simultaneous and complete way, thus obtaining very low levels of CO, HC and Nox emissions, as well as low fuel and oil consumption.

A bio-resource resin for use as a replacement for a portion of asphalt in asphalt compositions includes a bio-oil derived from animal waste and including hydrocarbons; and a compatibilizing agent. The bio-oil is derived from animal waste by subjecting the animal waste to a conversion process selected from a hydrothermal conversion process and a thermochemical conversion process. This bio-resource resin can be employed as a substitute for a portion of asphalt in common asphalt compositions, and the compatibilizing agent improves the chemical compatibility between the bio-oil and the asphalt.