The invention discloses a method for rapidly identifying vegetable dyes in dyed textile. According to the method, whether a test sample contains specific representative components in plant dyes or notis determined with HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), and whether the test sample is dyed with corresponding plant dyes is identified. The plant dyes comprise at least one of madder, plant indigo blue, gardenia yellow and turmeric, and the specific representative components in the plant dyes specifically comprise alizarin and/or purpurin in the madder, curcumin in the turmeric, indirubin in the plant indigo blue and crocetin in the gardenia yellow. The same stripping solvent and sample preparation method is used, alizarin, purpurin, curcumin, indirubin and crocetin are determinedsimultaneously with HPLC, finally, the four plant dyes including the madder, the plant indigo blue, the gardenia yellow and the turmeric in dyed textile can be rapidly identified, and the method is rapid, accurate and efficient.