The invention discloses a preparation method and application of electropositive polymer fluorescent carbon quantum dots with a gene vector function, and relates to the preparation method and application of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots. The invention aims at solving the problems of heavy metal ions, low yield of quanta and unstable fluorescent property in the existing semiconductor fluorescent nano particles. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1, adding organic acid and a cationic high molecular polymer, performing ultrasonic dissolution at room temperature to form a mixed solution; 2, charging the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, and heating for reaction until the color of the mixed solution turns into black brown; 3, adding water with the volume being 2 times of that of the black brown solution into the black brown solution, removing solid by centrifuging, and reserving the solution; and 4, adding deionized water to the solution, uniformly mixing and then recentrifuging the solution, removing solid, and then performing dialyses treatment to obtain the water solution of polymer carbon quantum dots. The polymer fluorescent carbon quantum dots synthesized by the method have superior fluorescent stability and high yield of quanta which is over 60%. The preparation method is used for preparing the polymer fluorescent carbon quantum dots.