40results about How to "Three wastes less" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis, in particular to a preparation method of 3, 4 '-diaminodiphenyl ether.The preparation method comprises the steps that m-dinitrobenzene is dissolved with alcohol, and selective hydrogenation is conducted in a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction kettle with a palladium catalyst; and co-heating and refluxing the product after selective hydrogenation, a strong alkali aqueous solution, a first solvent and a phase transfer catalyst to obtain the m-aminophenol salt. M-aminophenol salt, p-nitroiodobenzene, alkali and a second solvent are subjected to a co-heating reaction, and then 3-amino-4 '-nitrodiphenyl ether is obtained through post-treatment; the method comprises the following steps: dissolving 3-amino-4 '-nitrodiphenyl ether with alcohol, carrying out hydrogenation reduction with a palladium catalyst, and carrying out post-treatment purification to obtain 3, 4'-diaminodiphenyl ether. According to the method, common m-dinitrobenzene is used as a raw material, m-nitroaniline is obtained through selective hydrogenation, m-aminophenol salt is prepared through the m-nitroaniline, then etherification reaction is carried out, the reaction yield is higher, the purity is better, and side reactions are few.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of an aryl bidentate phosphine compound, which comprises the following steps of: (1) reacting benzene or alkylbenzene with benzyl chloride or 4-alkyl benzyl chloride at 0-100 DEG C for 0.5-5 hours in the absence of oxygen and under the condition of a lewis acid catalyst to prepare a first intermediate; (2) dropwise adding an alkyl lithium reagent into tetramethylethylenediamine at the temperature of-30 to 40 DEG C under the conditions of no water, no oxygen and a solvent, stirring for 1 to 3 hours, dropwise adding the first intermediate into the mixed solution at normal temperature, and reacting for 4 to 20 hours at the temperature of-20 to 40 DEG C to prepare a second intermediate; and (3) under anhydrous and anaerobic conditions, adding diphenyl phosphine chloride into the second intermediate obtained in the step (2), and reacting at-20 to 80 DEG C for 5-60 hours to obtain the aryl bidentate phosphine compound. The synthesis method disclosed by the invention is simple in process, mild in condition and high in product yield, and has a relatively good industrial prospect.

The invention discloses a rare earth recovery method of ionic rare earth acid-soluble slag, which comprises the following steps: adding water into ionic rare earth concentrate acid-soluble slag for size mixing to obtain mixed slurry; adding a sodium hydroxide solution with the concentration of 50-100g / L into the mixed slurry for alkaline conversion, filtering and washing to obtain first wastewater and an alkaline cake; water is added into the alkali cake for size mixing, alkali cake slurry is obtained, the solid-liquid weight ratio of the alkali cake to the water is 1: (1-2), the alkali cake slurry is heated for acid dissolution, the pH is controlled to be 0.5-1.0, and a rare earth crude product solution is obtained after filtering and water washing; precipitating the rare earth crude product solution with an oxalic acid solution, filtering, and washing to obtain second wastewater and an oxalic acid rare earth mixture; and firing the oxalic acid rare earth mixture at a high temperature to obtain the mixed rare earth oxide. The process is simple in technology, short in flow, less in three wastes, stable and reliable in operation and low in cost, and the rare earth recovery rate reaches 90% or above.

The invention discloses a continuous preparation method of lauroyl chloride, which comprises the following steps: heating and melting lauric acid to obtain lauric acid melt; the method comprises the following steps: preparing an overflow diode reactor, continuously introducing phosgene and lauric acid melt into a first tubular reactor, reacting at 50-100 DEG C to obtain a photochemical reaction solution, continuously overflowing the photochemical reaction solution into a second tubular reactor, continuously reacting the unfinished reaction solution, and driving light by nitrogen to obtain lauroyl chloride. The continuous preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of simple process, low online liquid carrying amount, convenience in operation, low cost and the like, and the obtained product is low in chromaticity, high in purity, few in impurities, suitable for industrial production and wide in application prospect.

The invention discloses an N-phenyl phenothiazine super-crosslinked polymer catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof.The method comprises the steps that Friedel-Crafts reaction is utilized, N-phenyl phenothiazine (I), dimethyl formal (II) and lewis acid are dissolved in a solvent, the mixture is stirred to react for 12-36 hours at the temperature of 60-120 DEG C, cooling and filtering are conducted, then extraction is conducted for 12-24 hours through a Soxhlet extractor, cooling and filtering are conducted again, and the N-phenyl phenothiazine super-crosslinked polymer catalyst is obtained. And drying the obtained solid to obtain the N-phenyl phenothiazine super-crosslinked polymer catalyst. The prepared N-phenyl phenothiazine super-crosslinked polymer catalyst can be applied to photocatalytic synthesis of 6-difluoromethyl phenanthridine derivatives, the reaction condition is mild, the catalytic efficiency is high, the selectivity is good, the catalyst can be recycled for multiple times, and the method is simple and easy to operate and has wide application potential.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of urolithin A, and particularly relates to a preparation method of urolithin A. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, by taking parachlorophenol and resorcinol as initial raw materials, carrying out coupling reaction under the catalytic action of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate to obtain an intermediate 1; and S2, reacting the intermediate 1 with carbon dioxide under specific conditions under the action of a catalyst to obtain the product urolithin A. The synthesis process is simple and efficient, the used raw materials are easy to obtain and low in price, reagents can be recycled and reused, generation of three wastes can be greatly reduced, the green chemistry principle is met, and good development prospects are achieved. The method is an efficient, reliable and environment-friendly synthesis method of urolithin A, and is beneficial to industrial production.

The invention discloses a process and device for purifying electronic grade nitrous oxide from industrial waste gas, and specifically relates to the technical field of nitrous oxide production. The invention firstly adopts a water washing method to completely remove ammonia in the waste gas, and then removes the water vapor in the form of mist and ammonia dissolved in the water vapor mixed in the waste gas through a high-efficiency coalescer; the method of concentrating the nitrous oxide through an absorption tower and then purifying the nitrous oxide through low-temperature distillation avoids the possibility of nitrous oxide freezing in the low-temperature distillation system, is easier to operate, and produces less three wastes; ethanol is used as an absorbent, and the nitrous oxide of the raw gas is concentrated by an absorption method to ensure that the concentration of the nitrous oxide is greater than 60v%, and the concentrated gas is then removed by the low-temperature distillation system to remove light components and heavy component impurities, so that the top temperature of the low-temperature distillation tower can be controlled above the freezing point of the nitrous oxide, so that the problem of nitrous oxide freezing in the traditional low-temperature distillation system can be solved.

The invention discloses a method for separating a cresol mixture and synthesizing 2, 3, 6-tricresol by adopting an alkylation method, and relates to the technical field of separation of cresol mixtures. The technical problems that in the prior art, during alkylation separation of 2, 4, 2, 5-xylenol, the obtained 2, 5-xylenol is narrow in application and small in dosage, and the synthesis cost of 2, 3, 6-tricresol is relatively high are solved. According to the method, the isobutene reacts with the mixture of the 2, 4-xylenol and the 2, 5-xylenol to generate the 6-tert-butyl-2, 4-xylenol and the 4-tert-butyl-2, 5-xylenol, so that the partial separation of the 2, 4-xylenol and the 2, 5-xylenol is realized; and carrying out methylation reaction on the separated intermediate and methanol to generate 2, 3, 6-trimethylphenol. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the application range of the 2, 5-xylenol is remarkably widened, the use amount of the mixture of the 2, 4-xylenol and the 2, 5-xylenol is increased, and the dependency degree on m-cresol in the synthesis of the vitamin E is reduced.

The application belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to a preparation method of 4-bromopyrazole [3,4-D] -pyrimidine, and the specific steps are as follows: under the condition of anhydrous and anaerobic, 4-chloro-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine is reacted with a brominating reagent in an aprotic solvent to obtain 4-bromopyrazole [3,4-D] -pyrimidine. The preparation method provided by the application has the advantages of simple process route, clear steps, high yield of the target product, low cost, suitability for industrial production, considerable economic benefits, mild reaction condition and environmental protection.

The invention provides a preparation method of an intermediate for synthesizing dextromethorphan, which is characterized by: taking 2-(2-oxocyclohexyl)acetonitrile as a raw material, undergoing a Robinson annulation reaction to generate a compound 2; undergoing an aromatization reaction to generate a compound 3; undergoing a ketocarbonyl reduction reaction to generate a compound 4; and undergoing a cyano reduction to generate an intermediate 5; the reaction process is as follows: The invention discloses a new intermediate 5 and a new preparation method thereof for the first time, avoiding low yield caused by splitting the intermediate, and not only improving the yield but also improving the purity.

This invention provides a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing 7-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ester. Unlike the conventional method of first converting excess carboxylic acid to the corresponding acyl chloride using thionyl chloride, removing the excess thionyl chloride, adding fresh solvent, and then adding the corresponding alcohol to form the ester, this method uses the following order of addition: thionyl chloride → ethylene glycol monomethyl ether → thionyl chloride → ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The thionyl chloride and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether are added alternately. Under a certain amount of solvent, the generated ester is cleverly utilized to promote the dissolution of the acyl chloride, while simultaneously reducing the absolute content of the acyl chloride in the solution. This allows the reaction mixture to form a solution state, promoting complete conversion of the carboxylic acid and driving the reaction forward. This avoids the defect of the carboxylic acid raw material being encapsulated due to the poor solubility of the intermediate, resulting in incomplete reaction.

This invention discloses a green method for synthesizing vinylene carbonate, comprising the following steps: (1) under conditions without any solvent, vinylene carbonate undergoes a photo-initiated free radical bromination reaction with liquid bromine to obtain bromovinyl carbonate; (2) under conditions without any solvent, in the presence of a catalyst and a co-catalyst, the bromovinyl carbonate obtained in step (1) undergoes a dehydrobromination reaction to obtain vinylene carbonate; wherein the catalyst is a mixture of ZnCl2, LiCl and NiCl2; and the co-catalyst is a mixture of Mg(OH)2, KOH and Ca(OH)2; (3) the HBr obtained in step (1) and / or step (2) is absorbed by water and reacted with hydrogen peroxide to generate Br2, which is then used in the bromination reaction in step (1) to form a closed-loop cycle. The reaction process of this invention does not require the use of any organic solvent, is economical and environmentally friendly, has mild conditions, high yield, and is easy to promote industrially.

The invention provides an electrochemical method for synthesizing salicylaldehyde and dimethyl sebacate in pairs. The method comprises the following steps: 1) mixing monomethyl adipate, salicylic acid, alkaline electrolyte, monopotassium phosphate, sodium hydrogen sulfite, decyltrimethylammonium chloride and a solvent into electrolyte, and adding the electrolyte into an electrolytic bath; and 2) heating the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell, then carrying out an electrolytic reaction, carrying out electrolytic decarboxylation coupling on the monomethyl adipate at an anode to generate dimethyl sebacate, and reacting salicylic acid with hydrogen ions in a cathode region to generate salicylaldehyde and water. The method can effectively solve the problems of decomposition of a part of dimethyl sebacate products, reduction of reaction selectivity and yield and the like caused by hydroxyl generated by cathode hydrogen evolution and formation of a strong alkaline environment in a traditional synthesis process, and meanwhile, a byproduct salicylaldehyde is produced, so that the method has a good industrial prospect.

This invention discloses a method for synthesizing geranialdehyde, comprising the following steps: Citral undergoes an isomerization reaction under the action of a catalyst; after the reaction, a post-treatment is performed to obtain a product rich in geranialdehyde; the catalyst includes a noble metal catalyst and an organophosphorus ligand; the noble metal catalyst is a palladium salt. This preparation method can effectively realize the conversion of nerol to geranialdehyde, and the reaction process generates relatively little waste, is environmentally friendly, fully utilizes the raw materials, and produces no waste gas.

The invention relates to the field of EDB or EHA raw material preparation, and in particular to a method for preparing aminobenzoic acid, which is a raw material of EDB or EHA. The invention relates to a method for preparing aminobenzoic acid, which is a raw material of EDB or EHA, and the specific method is as follows: nitrotoluene is dissolved in a low eutectic solvent, and in the presence of elemental sulfur, sodium sulfide and alkali, an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs at room temperature, the methyl group on the benzene ring is oxidized to a carboxyl group, and the nitro group is reduced to an amino group, and aminobenzoic acid is finally obtained; the low eutectic solvent is preferably a mixture of choline chloride, ethylene glycol and antimony trichloride.

The invention provides a method for preparing an ilastrant intermediate (namely a compound of a formula V or a salt thereof), 4-bromo-3-nitroanisole is used as a raw material of # imgabs0, and (+ / -) 6-(2-amino-4-methoxyphenyl)-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-alcohol is obtained through a one-pot Suzuki coupling reaction and reductive hydrogenation. According to the method, the reaction steps are simplified, and the operation process is reduced. Compared with the prior art, the preparation process provided by the invention has the advantages that the obtained product is economic and efficient, the yield and the purity are higher, and the preparation process is more suitable for industrial production; the compound of the formula (V) or the salt thereof can be used for preparing alalisset.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of 4-hydroxycoumarin, and particularly relates to the technical field of synthesis of 4-hydroxycoumarin, and the synthesis method comprises the following steps: step 1, adding 1000 ml of toluene into a 2000 ml four-mouth bottle, then adding anion resin, and stirring for dissolving; 2, raising the temperature to 70 DEG C, starting to dropwise add a mixture of o-hydroxyacetophenone and diethyl carbonate, and slowly dropwise adding at a controlled dropwise adding speed; 3, after dropwise adding is completed, the temperature is kept at 90 DEG C, and a reaction is conducted. According to the method, the o-hydroxyacetophenone and the diethyl carbonate are used as raw materials, and the final product 4-hydroxycoumarin can be obtained through one-step reaction under the action of the anion exchange resin, so that the anion exchange resin can completely replace organic alkali to serve as a catalyst and can be repeatedly used for 10 times without influencing the yield, the cost is greatly reduced, the use of acid and alkali is reduced, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The process is safe, the yield reaches the standard, the product quality reaches the standard, the cost advantage is achieved, and the production conditions are met.

The invention discloses a preparation method of dotenod, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis route design and preparation of raw material medicines and intermediates thereof. According to the method, 3, 5-dichloro-4-methoxybenzoic acid and 2-aminobenzenethiol are used as raw materials and are sequentially subjected to an acylation reaction, an amidation reaction, a ring closing reaction, an oxidation reaction and a demethylation reaction, and finally dotenoid is prepared. In the preparation process, the acylation reaction and the amidation reaction are continuously fed, an intermediate does not need to be separated and purified, the process is controllable, the yield is high, few three wastes are generated, the production cost is low, and large-scale industrial production can be achieved.

This invention relates to a method for preparing 2',4-dichloro-2-aminodiphenyl ether, belonging to the field of chemical synthesis technology. The preparation method is as follows: S1, m-dinitrobenzene undergoes selective hydrogenation to obtain m-nitroaniline; S2, in a solvent, m-nitroaniline reacts with N-chlorosuccinimide to obtain 2-chloro-5-nitroaniline; S3, 2-chloro-5-nitroaniline, o-nitrophenol, a base, and a solvent undergo a co-heated reaction to obtain 2',4-dinitro-2-aminodiphenyl ether; S4, 2',4-dinitro-2-aminodiphenyl ether is dissolved in a solvent, and FeCl3 solution, sodium chloride, and Oxone are added. The reaction is catalyzed under ultraviolet light to obtain 2',4-dichloro-2-aminodiphenyl ether. The preparation method of this invention uses readily available raw materials, has good reaction efficiency, produces less waste, is cleaner and more environmentally friendly, and has a high conversion rate, making it suitable for industrial application.

The application discloses a preparation method of N1,N2-dimethyl benzene-1,2-diamine and belongs to the technical field of medical intermediate preparation. The method comprises the following steps: taking o-phenylenediamine as a raw material, reacting with ethyl formate, then adopting dimethyl sulfate to perform a nitrogen-methylation reaction, and finally removing a formyl group under the action of an acid to obtain N1,N2-dimethyl benzene-1,2-diamine. In the method, all raw materials can be conveniently purchased on the market, the process of each reaction is simple, there is no expensive catalyst, the yield is high, and the industrialized production is easy.

The invention provides a high-selectivity preparation method of a 4-(4-acetyl cumyl) phenolic ester compound, which specifically comprises the following steps: A1, 4-cumyl phenol is subjected to a pre-acylation reaction in a system containing a first acylating agent and an acid-binding agent alkali, then a first quenching agent is added into the system, the pre-acylation reaction is completed, and 4-cumyl phenolic ester is prepared; a2, the 4-cumyl phenolic ester is subjected to a Friedel-Crafts acetylation reaction in a system containing a second acylating agent and an acylation catalyst, then a second quenching agent is added into the system, the Friedel-Crafts acetylation reaction is completed, and the 4-(4-acetyl cumyl) phenolic ester is prepared; wherein the molecular formula of the first acylating agent is RCOCl or (RCO) 2O, R is a large steric hindrance or / and a strong pull electron group, and R is selected from C9-C20 substituted aryl, C3-C10 branched chain alkyl or C1-C10 perfluoroalkyl; the second acylating agent is acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride. According to the high-selectivity preparation method of the 4-(4-acetyl cumyl) phenolic ester compound, at least generation of an ester group ortho-position acetylation byproduct can be avoided, and the purity of a target product is improved.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing Fmoc-Ala-Ala-OH, and belongs to the technical field of chemical synthesis, and the method comprises the following steps: adding a solvent I into Fmoc-Ala-OH, dropwise adding oxalyl chloride at-30 DEG C to-20 DEG C, carrying out heat preservation until the reaction is completed, and carrying out vacuum decompression concentration to remove the solvent I, so as to obtain Fmoc-propylamine acyl chloride; adding a solvent II into the Fmoc-propylamine acyl chloride system, adding L-alanine while stirring, dropwise adding organic alkali, and concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain Fmoc-Ala-Ala-OH oily matter; and adding a solvent III, dropwise adding an acidifying reagent until the pH value is equal to 3.0, removing a water layer, washing an organic layer with saline water until the pH value is equal to 5, adding a solvent IV, precipitating a solid, and drying to obtain a finished product Fmoc-Ala-Ala-OH. According to the method, a low-temperature acylating chlorination process is utilized, Fmoc-Ala-OH is subjected to a low-temperature acylating chlorination reaction, generation of isomers is effectively avoided while Fmoc-propylamine acyl chloride is generated, organic alkali is adopted subsequently to participate in the reaction, Fmoc-propylamine acyl chloride and alanine are rapidly combined, and Fmoc-Ala-Ala-OH is obtained. And few byproducts are generated.

The invention relates to a method for preparing N, N '-(carbonyl bis (4, 1-phenylene)) bis (3-nitrobenzamide) through a microchannel reaction, the N, N'-(carbonyl bis (4, 1-phenylene)) bis (3-nitrobenzamide) is prepared by using a continuous flow microchannel reactor and ethylene glycol butyl ether as a solvent, the reaction is more uniform, few by-products are produced, the yield is high, continuous reaction can be realized, and the method is suitable for industrial production. Meanwhile, a solvent adopted in the reaction can be recycled after reduced pressure distillation, and the solvent is marked as an environment-friendly solvent and has relatively good safety; the preparation method has the advantages of mild preparation conditions, low production cost, easiness in batch and large-scale production, strong universality, good industrial production basis and wide application prospect.

The preparation method comprises the following steps: by taking chloroethylene carbonate as a raw material and quaternary ammonium salt fluoride as a fluorinating reagent, carrying out halogen exchange reaction in an organic solvent to obtain a fluoroethylene carbonate crude product, and carrying out crude steaming, rectification and crystallization to obtain the high-purity fluoroethylene carbonate. Quaternary ammonium salt fluoride has good solubility in an organic solvent, a reaction system is a homogeneous system, reaction time is short, reaction conditions are mild, no solid salt is generated in the process, product aftertreatment is simple, and three wastes are few. And the prepared product has high yield and high purity, and fills the blank of fluoroethylene carbonate process with simple post-treatment.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a canagliflozin amorphous form, which comprises the following steps: dissolving canagliflozin in an organic solvent, and distilling to obtain a certain mass of oily substance; and adding an anti-solvent into the oily substance, stirring to separate out a solid, cooling, filtering, and drying to obtain the amorphous canagliflozin. The preparation method has the characteristics of low solvent rate, high yield, simplicity in operation, easiness in recovery, few three wastes, good reproducibility, stable quality of the obtained product, good fluidity, suitability for preparation of preparations and the like, is easy for commercialized mass production, and has very high popularization and application values.

The application provides a preparation method of compound B, which comprises the following steps: taking compound A as raw material, reacting in the presence of an acid, under the action of a carrier-loaded metal catalyst and a phase transfer catalyst, and under the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide to obtain compound B. The preparation method of compound B provided by the application has extremely high activity of a carrier-loaded metal catalyst for the preparation of sulfone compounds from sulfide compounds. The catalyst is recycled by loading, the amount of the catalyst is greatly compressed, the non-renewable and scarce strategic resources are saved, and the risk of damage to the natural environment and human health is greatly reduced. The solvent used is easy to separate and recycle, the overall process is more efficient, the resource consumption is less, the three wastes are less, the treatment cost of the three wastes is lower, and the process is more suitable for industrial production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic compound preparation, and particularly relates to a preparation method of halogenated dibenzofuran. According to the preparation method provided by the invention, methoxy hydroxylation and ring closing steps are completed in one step, the synthetic route of halogenated dibenzofuran is shortened, the method is green and environment-friendly, the synthetic route of direct ring closing of methoxy is widened, the product yield is increased and is 70% or above, generation of impurities is reduced, the purity is 99.96% or above, and the production cost is reduced. According to the method, harmful reagents such as boron tribromide and dichloromethane are not used, three wastes are greatly reduced, and the process safety is improved. The preparation method provided by the invention has good ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits, has conditions for industrial large-scale application, and has a wide development prospect.

According to the process reaction, N-Cbz-4-oxo-3-pyrrolidine ethyl formate and a Wittig reagent of ethyl triphenyl phosphorus iodide are used as synthesis starting points, firstly, N-Cbz-4-oxo-3-pyrrolidine ethyl formate and the Wittig reagent of ethyl triphenyl phosphorus iodide are subjected to nucleophilic addition to generate olefin reaction, then the olefin reaction is subjected to hydrolysis reaction under the alkaline condition to generate acid, and the acid is subjected to acid hydrolysis reaction under the alkaline condition to generate the N-Cbz-4-oxo-3-pyrrolidine ethyl formate and the Wittig reagent of ethyl triphenyl phosphorus iodide. The method is reasonable in process, high in yield, simple to operate, low in production cost and beneficial to large-scale industrial production, and fills up the process blank in related fields.

The application discloses a dicyclopentadiene gas-phase depolymerization system and method, which can comprise a vaporizer, a cracking furnace in communication with the vaporizer, and a stripping column device in communication with the cracking furnace; the vaporizer is used for vaporizing dicyclopentadiene and water to obtain mixed steam; the cracking furnace is used for heating the mixed steam to make the dicyclopentadiene depolymerize to generate cyclopentadiene; and the stripping column device is used for extracting the cyclopentadiene after distillation and purification, and recycling uncracked dicyclopentadiene and water to the vaporizer for depolymerization. The dicyclopentadiene and water are vaporized and cracked under certain pressure and temperature, and the light and heavy components are separated at the same time; the water and unreacted dicyclopentadiene are filtered and recycled. The process is a green dicyclopentadiene depolymerization process, which is simple, has high depolymerization rate, and has the characteristics of less waste and the like.

The application discloses a one-pot preparation method of 3,4,5-trifluorobromobenzene. In an organic solvent, 2,6-difluoroaniline is used as raw material to obtain the product 3,4,5-trifluorobromobenzene through three steps of bromination, diazotization and fluorination at a certain temperature. The method has the advantages of multiple raw material sources, obvious cost advantage, safety and convenience, high total yield, less waste and the like, and is beneficial to industrialization.