The invention discloses a method for preparing a nucleocapsid type microgel compound microsphere through a polymeric surfactant, which comprises the following process steps: preparing an oil phase, preparing an evenly-dispersed oil phase, preparing a water phase, preparing microgel, preparing swollen microgel, preparing porous microgel, preparing the porous microgel containing the polymeric surfactant of acrylamide propyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, and preparing the microgel compound microsphere. The method has the advantages of reasonable design, feasible process, simple operation, reaction at room temperature, and the like. The microgel compound microsphere has the characteristics of nucleocapsid structure, has larger size, easy separation, a large specific surface, reversible swelling and shrinking, and phosphotungstic acid contained in the surface. The material can be popularized and applied in the fields of structural type catalyst preparation, quick enrichment and separation, and the like.