The invention discloses an airborne spray cooling system for cooling circulating water by using ram air and an evaporative refrigeration cycle, and belongs to the cooling field of airborne high-heat-flux-density equipment. The system is mainly used for solving the continuous heat dissipation of high-heat-flux-density surfaces such as an airborne radar chip and a laser weapon and mainly includes awater tank, a compressor, an evaporator, a cold water inlet, a cold water outlet, a refrigerant inlet, a refrigerant outlet, a phase change material, an expansion valve, a condenser, a phase change material heat exchanger, a ram air inlet, a spray chamber, a to-be-cooled surface, a nozzle, a flow meter, a flow control valve and a water pump. The system, by using the latent heat of vaporization ofwater, cools the surface of a high-temperature electronic device in the spray chamber, uses the ram air as a main cold source, uses an evaporative refrigeration cycle as an auxiliary cold source, usestwo phase change materials as an intermediate energy storage medium to correspond to the two cold sources, and selects a cold source combination mode according to the surface temperature. The systemis safe, stable, and energy-efficient in operation, and meets the cooling needs in airborne complex environments.