The invention relates to an epoxy resin adhesive synthesized by alkali lignin through in-situ autocatalysis. A preparation method comprises the following steps: step I, pickling a biomass raw material with sulfuric acid, and filtering and drying the pickled biomass raw material to obtain filter residues; step II, carrying out reaction on alkali liquor with the filter residues, and filtering a reactant to obtain an alkali lignin stock solution; step III, directly adding a phenolic compound in the alkali lignin stock solution, and carrying out in-situ phenolate modification; step IV, directly adding epoxy chloropropane or a derivative thereof in a phenolate lignin solution, and carrying out molecule in-situ polymerization; and step V, rapidly adding cold deionized water in reaction liquid, and brewing obtained precipitates with hot deionized water to obtain final residual viscous substances as the lignin modified epoxy resin adhesive. Processes of alkali lignin molecule extraction, in-situ modification and epoxy resin adhesive synthesis, involved in the invention, are continuous, and the efficiency is greatly improved. Meanwhile, in the alkali lignin in-situ modification and epoxy resin synthesis processes, a catalyst does not need to be added additionally, and autocatalytic reaction is realized.