64 results about "Cyclic voltametry" patented technology

The invention relates to the field of sensors, and discloses a solid electrolyte for ammonia gas detection, an electrochemical luminescence sensor, a preparation method and a detection method, and the solid electrolyte for ammonia gas detection comprises the following raw materials: a second electrolyte, a luminescent substance, an optional first electrolyte and an optional binder. The solid electrolyte for ammonia gas detection provided by the invention can realize ppb-level NH3 selective detection with high sensitivity, wide linear response range and low detection limit at room temperature for an electrochemical luminescence sensor for detecting ammonia gas. The electrochemical luminescence sensor for detecting the ammonia gas can be used for sensing the ammonia gas through a cyclic voltammetry method and a constant potential-luminescence technology, and ppb-level high-sensitivity and high-selectivity ammonia gas detection is realized.

The invention discloses preparation and application of a nickel selenide / ferronickel phosphate crystal / amorphous heterogeneous catalyst, and relates to the technical field of electrochemistry. Selenizing the foamed nickel at low temperature in an inert atmosphere to generate a crystalline NiSex layer in situ; and by taking the obtained electrode as a working electrode, carrying out electrodeposition in a deposition solution containing nickel salt, ferric salt, hypophosphite and acetate by adopting a cyclic voltammetry method, so that amorphous NiFePOy is deposited on the surface of NiSex, and a NiSex / NiFePOy crystal / amorphous heterostructure nanosheet layer is constructed and is used for an alkaline medium urea oxidation reaction. The invention has the following beneficial effects: crystalline / amorphous interface coupling and a nanosheet self-supporting structure synergistically improve active sites and charge transfer capability, reduce energy consumption and improve current output; meanwhile, the electrode stability and durability are enhanced; the method has the advantages of low material cost, mild and simple process, suitableness for amplified preparation, and application potential of urea-assisted water electrolysis energy-saving hydrogen production.

The invention discloses a ruthenium-loaded nickel-cobalt oxide heterostructure electrocatalyst and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method of the ruthenium-loaded nickel-cobalt oxide heterostructure electrocatalyst comprises the steps that nickel nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, ammonium fluoride and urea are dissolved in deionized water and stirred for 30 min, the mixture and carbon cloth are subjected to a hydrothermal reaction, cleaning, drying and calcination are conducted, and the ruthenium-loaded nickel-cobalt oxide heterostructure electrocatalyst is obtained; forming a second intermediate product; ruCl3.xH2O and KCl are added into H2O, magnetic stirring is conducted for 30 min, and a second process solution is obtained; and performing electrochemical deposition of ruthenium on the second intermediate product through cyclic voltammetry to obtain a third intermediate product, and drying the third intermediate product to obtain the ruthenium-loaded nickel-cobalt oxide heterostructure electrocatalyst. According to the preparation method of the ruthenium-loaded nickel-cobalt oxide heterostructure electrocatalyst provided by the embodiment of the invention, the proportion of ruthenium in the product is more easily regulated and controlled, so that the optimal nitrate electrocatalysis reduction performance is obtained.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photo-thermal evaporation materials, and discloses a composite photo-thermal material Fe / PANI / GF and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method of the composite photo-thermal material Fe / PANI / GF comprises the following steps: taking graphite felt (GF), and activating at high temperature to obtain activated graphite felt; uniformly depositing polyaniline on the surface of the activated graphite felt by adopting a constant current method or a cyclic voltammetry to obtain acid-doped polyaniline (PANIES / GF); and dipping the acid-doped polyaniline in a ferric salt solution or a ferrous salt solution, and dispersing and loading Fe on the PANI nano-particle layer through Fe-N coordination to obtain the composite photo-thermal material Fe / PANI / GF. The method shows wide application prospects in the fields of seawater desalination, high-salinity wastewater treatment, heat-assisted power generation, photo-thermal driven sterilization, soil remediation and the like, and an innovative scheme is provided for solving the problems that a traditional photo-thermal material is low in efficiency, poor in stability, high in cost and the like.

This invention belongs to the field of electrochemical testing technology and discloses a dual-plate portable electrochemical testing system, including an upper plate, a lower plate, an electrochemical biosensor electrode converter, and a mobile terminal APP. The invention adopts an upper and lower plate structure, separating the data programming surface and the sensor interface surface, facilitating the replacement and upgrading of computing resources and the analog front-end separately. The invention hierarchically lays out the three-electrode interface analog circuit and the communication control circuit, and separates the power supply for digital and analog power supplies, which helps reduce mutual interference between the sensor's analog signal lines and digital communication signal lines, improving the stability of electrochemical testing. This invention enables wireless interaction via a mobile terminal and can be portablely powered by an external terminal device, offering flexible usage and facilitating on-site deployment and mobile testing. This invention supports multiple testing modes, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry, adapting to different electrochemical testing needs.

The invention discloses a membrane electrode activation method, device and equipment and a fuel cell, accumulative calculation is carried out according to an ECSA integral calculation formula in a preset time period, the active area of a to-be-detected membrane electrode activated by cyclic voltammetry is judged to be larger than a preset active area, after an electrochemical workstation is dismounted, the to-be-detected membrane electrode is connected with a load, and the to-be-detected membrane electrode is activated. And after the cathode gas of the membrane electrode to be detected is switched into air and the anode gas is switched into hydrogen, performing high-frequency variable-current activation until the battery voltage is stabilized at a preset voltage value under the preset current density. According to the method, the cyclic voltammetry is firstly adopted for activation, impurities on active sites of a catalyst layer covering the surface of the membrane electrode can be removed, humidification gas is accelerated to enter the catalyst layer, the active area of the membrane electrode to be detected is larger than the preset active area, then high-frequency variable-current activation is carried out, and an electron and proton mass transfer channel can be rapidly constructed; therefore, efficient establishment of a reaction three-phase interface is realized, the activation time is shortened, and the activation efficiency is improved.

This invention discloses a method for increasing the hydrophilicity of titanium / titanium alloy dental implants using an electrochemical approach, comprising the following steps: S1, pretreating the titanium / titanium alloy dental implant to obtain a pretreated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant; S2, sandblasting and drying the pretreated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant obtained in S1 to obtain a treated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant; S3, acid etching the treated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant obtained in S2 to obtain an acid-etched titanium / titanium alloy dental implant; S4, electrochemical activation treatment to obtain an activated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant; S5, continuously rinsing the activated titanium / titanium alloy dental implant obtained in S4 with purified water for 20 seconds and drying it in a vacuum drying oven. This invention uses cyclic voltammetry (CV) electrochemically to activate the titanium / titanium alloy implant, thereby enhancing its hydrophilicity.

The application belongs to the technical field of preparation of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalysts, and discloses a preparation method of an electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalyst Pt / GaN. First, gallium nitride nanoparticles are loaded on the surface of an electrode, and then, through cyclic voltammetry, platinum is uniformly electrodeposited on the surface of the gallium nitride from an electrolyte containing chloroplatinic acid to prepare the catalyst Pt / GaN. The mass percentage of Pt in the catalyst is only 2.2-5.4%, which greatly improves the catalytic activity of the catalyst while reducing the Pt loading. From the entire preparation process, the application breaks through the limitation that the traditional platinum loading method cannot accurately control the particle size growth. The particle size of Pt in the catalyst is between 2-5 nm. On the other hand, the method has the advantages of easy availability of raw materials and environmental protection without pollution.

This invention discloses a copper hexacyanoferrate-potassium heptacopper sulfide composite electrode material, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of electroanalytical sensing material preparation technology. This invention uses a hydrothermal synthesis method to prepare potassium heptacopper sulfide. Subsequently, the potassium heptacopper sulfide-modified electrode is placed in an electrolyte solution containing potassium ferricyanide, and in-situ electrosynthesis is performed using cyclic voltammetry. This allows the hexacyanoferrate ions and copper ions present in the electrolyte to react and generate water-insoluble copper hexacyanoferrate, which grows in situ on the electrode surface, resulting in the copper hexacyanoferrate-potassium heptacopper sulfide composite electrode material. In this material, potassium heptacopper sulfide serves as a conductive substrate, and copper hexacyanoferrate serves as a redox probe. This composite electrode material can be used to construct an electrochemical sensor containing a molecularly imprinted layer, which exhibits high sensitivity, high specificity, a wide detection range, and good stability.

To provide a laminate capable of obtaining a perovskite solar cell having excellent output characteristics.SOLUTION: In the solar battery including a light-transmitting electrode layer, an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a collector layer, the light-transmitting electrode layer and the electron transport layer are stacked, the light-transmitting electrode layer includes a conductive member, the electron transport layer includes a tin oxide layer, and the tin oxide layer has a thickness of 5.0 nm or more and 80.0 nm or less and satisfies Condition A. Condition A: A peak current and a peak potential of an anode peak appearing in a first cyclic voltammogram obtained by performing cyclic voltammetry on a conductive member whose surface is not covered are defined as a current value A and a potential V, respectively. A current value at potential V in a second cyclic voltammogram obtained by subjecting the stack to cyclic voltammetry is defined as a current value B. At this time, the coverage ratio calculated by Formula (1) (coverage ratio (%) = (1-B / A) * 100) is 90% or more.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

The application discloses a modified anode for a marine sediment microbial fuel cell and a preparation method of the modified anode and the marine sediment microbial fuel cell, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, obtaining a primary anode; S2, nitrogen is introduced into a first PBS buffer solution to perform nitrogen exposure treatment, and dopamine hydrochloride is added to obtain a first electrolyte; S3, the primary anode is immersed into the first electrolyte, and electro-deposition is performed on the primary anode by a first cyclic voltammetry scanning method to obtain a PDA modified anode; S4, Fe3O4 powder is added into a second PBS buffer solution to obtain a second electrolyte; and S5, the PDA modified anode is immersed into the second electrolyte, and electro-deposition is performed on the PDA modified anode by a second cyclic voltammetry scanning method to obtain a PDA / Fe3O4 modified anode. The PDA / Fe3O4 composite is used to modify the anode, the electrochemical performance of the anode is improved, and a proper amount of amino acid is added into the sediment, so that the organic matter conversion and electron transmission efficiency of the microbial fuel cell are improved, and the electricity generation performance of the microbial fuel cell is improved.

The invention concerns the development of molecularly imprinted polymer for label-free capacitive sensing application. The method outlined by the invention involves several steps: a) Pre-treating the surface of the working electrode; b) Electrochemical polymerizing a monomer solution in an electrolyte buffer containing the target template molecule to form an imprinting template film on the electrode surface; c) Washing the electrode to remove unbound molecules; d) Characterizing the formed imprinting template film by cyclic voltammetry in a supporting electrolyte solution to determine its half-wave potential; e) Forming the molecularly imprinted polymer electrode by removing the target template molecule from the synthesized polymer; f) Incubating the obtained molecularly imprinted polymer with the target template for a specified duration; g) Detecting the target template molecule using capacitance-derived electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This method presents significant advantages in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and stability, rendering it highly applicable across numerous industries for enhancing detection, monitoring, and diagnostic capabilities.

This invention discloses a method for detecting adiponectin in human serum using a polydopamine-modified wire mesh carbon electrode, specifically relating to the field of adiponectin detection technology. The method involves preparing a 2 mg / mL dopamine hydrochloride solution using a 10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer solution (pH=8.5) and adding it dropwise onto the surface of the working electrode. A polydopamine-modified layer is formed by electropolymerization within a range of -800 mV to 600 mV using cyclic voltammetry. A conductive layer of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid complex is then coated. Adiponectin antibodies are then immobilized on the surface of the modified layer via covalent binding of amino and quinone groups. After specific binding with a serum sample, the oxidation peak current change is read out from -100 mV to 350 mV in a buffer detection medium containing 5 mM ferricyanide redox pairs, and the concentration is output from a standard curve. This method improves the density of antibody immobilization sites and inhibits non-specific serum adsorption, enhancing signal stability and sensitivity, and enabling rapid, low-cost quantitative detection of trace amounts of serum.

The application discloses a cluster type self-healing nickel oxyhydroxide / iron-nickel electrode and application thereof in hydrogen production by cracking of saline water, and steps are as follows: under a three-electrode system, a foam metal is used as a working electrode, a cyclic voltammetry method is adopted in a potassium hydroxide solution electrolyte, and a metal cluster dispersion liquid is obtained; under the three-electrode system, a nickel iron / nickel MOF is used as the working electrode, the metal cluster dispersion liquid is used as the electrolyte, the cyclic voltammetry method is adopted, and a target electrode is obtained; and the target electrode is used in hydrogen production by cracking of saline water or a whole reaction of cracking of saline water in the electrolyte obtained by mixing the metal cluster dispersion liquid and the saline water. The target electrode has higher activity and durability and good self-healing performance under the saline water and industrial large current density (500 mA cm ‑2 ).

An embodiment of the present invention is for stably restoring a layered structure when regenerating a positive electrode active material that has degraded due to lithium and nickel deficiency, and provides a direct recycling method of a positive electrode active material and the positive electrode active material regenerated thereby. The direct recycling method comprises the steps of: preparing a positive electrode including a waste positive electrode active material recovered from a waste lithium-ion battery; electrochemically plating nickel on the surface of the positive electrode through cyclic voltammetry; recovering a nickel-plated positive electrode active material from the nickel-plated positive electrode; and obtaining a regenerated positive electrode active material by heat-treating the nickel-plated positive electrode active material.

The invention relates to a method for electrochemically detecting chloramphenicol by using molecular imprinting. The method is characterized in that a chloramphenicol molecularly imprinted polymer prepared from a temperature-sensitive monomer N-isopropylacrylamide and Dawson type tungsten phosphate (P2W18) are jointly modified on a substrate electrode through a simple and controllable electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The modified electrode synthesized by the method disclosed by the invention is used as a working electrode, a saturated calomel electrode is used as a reference electrode, a platinum electrode is used as an auxiliary electrode, and the electrochemical sensing performance of the modified electrode on chloramphenicol is respectively evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. According to the modified electrode, the sensitivity of an electrochemical signal is synergistically enhanced through the high-selectivity imprinting cavity of the molecularly imprinted polymer and the rapid and reversible oxidation-reduction activity of P2W18, the detection linear range of chloramphenicol is 0.1 nM to 10 [mu] M, and the detection limit of differential pulse voltammetry is as low as 0.145 nM; and a good application prospect is provided for preparing a uniform and controllable molecularly imprinted polymer composite modified electrode material in the future. At present, an indissolvable molecularly imprinted polymer material is integrated into an electrochemical sensor through an electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, so that the research on improving the selectivity of chloramphenicol detection and reducing the detection limit is rarely reported.

The application develops an application of an electrochemical sensor in metronidazole antibiotic detection, the electrochemical sensor is that graphene oxide nanosheet is placed in a mixed solution of ultrapure water-ethanol, pH value is adjusted to 1-5, ultrasonic is obtained, and a protonated graphene oxide colloidal solution is obtained; platinum chlorate is put into the protonated graphene oxide colloidal solution, and [PtCl6] 2‑ -GO colloidal is prepared after ultrasonic at 2-5 DEG C; [PtCl6] 2‑ -GO colloidal is dropped on the surface of a pretreated electrode, then the electrode is dried, the electrode is placed in a PBS buffer solution after drying, and the electrochemical sensor is obtained by cyclic voltammetry scanning; the electrochemical sensor has high sensitivity, low detection limit and can selectively recognize metronidazole.

Presented herein are techniques for monitoring body tissue and / or body fluid of a recipient via electrochemical measurements, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), etc., using an implantable medical system. In accordance with embodiments presented herein, a reference electrode with a stable potential is provided for performing electrochemical measurements.

The invention discloses a high-activity super-hydrophilic aerophobic electrode used in a low-pressure environment as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the field of electrocatalysis. The preparation method comprises the following steps: cleaning and drying nickel fibrofelt, assembling a three-electrode system, and performing linear scanning, cleaning and drying by adopting cyclic voltammetry to obtain a precursor; a femtosecond laser processing device is adopted for scanning and etching, the scanning interval is 25-300 microns, a periodic nanoscale and / or micron-sized structure is formed, and the electrode is prepared. According to the method, a hydrophilic micro-nano physical structure is induced through femtosecond laser, surface reconstruction is carried out, the balance of efficient mass transfer and high-activity sites is sought by optimizing the scanning interval, and the OER reaction catalytic activity and the stability under the high current density are improved. The material has the remarkable advantages of simple and convenient preparation process, high mechanical strength, excellent mass transfer efficiency and the like, and is beneficial to stable operation of water electrolysis hydrogen production equipment in a high-altitude and low-pressure extreme environment.

Provided is a laminate yielding a perovskite solar cell that has excellent output characteristics. Provided is an organic thin-film solar cell comprising a light-transmitting electrode layer, an electron transport layer, an organic semiconductor layer, a hole transport layer, and a collector electrode layer in the stated order. The laminate serves as the light-transmitting electrode layer and the electron transport layer and includes: an electroconductive member (8) serving as the light-transmitting electrode layer; and a tin oxide layer (9) serving as the electron transport layer and arranged on the surface of the electroconductive member (8). The film thickness of the tin oxide layer (9) is 5.0 to 80.0 nm, and a condition A is satisfied. Condition A: Current value A and potential V are a peak current and a peak potential, respectively, of an anode peak appearing in a first cyclic voltammogram obtained by performing cyclic voltammetry on an electroconductive member a surface of which has not been covered. Current value B is a current value at the potential V in a second cyclic voltammogram obtained by performing cyclic voltammetry on the laminate. Coverage, as calculated by formula (1) (coverage (%) = (1-B / A) × 100), is 90% or higher.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrocatalytic reduction, and discloses a method for electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by using a silver catalyst with a low coordination structure, and the method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing silver powder to obtain an Ag NPs electrode, and preparing an AgO electrode by using the Ag NPs electrode as a working electrode and adopting a cyclic voltammetry method; and (2) carrying out electrochemical reduction modification by taking the AgO electrode as a cathode electrode, and finishing the modification when the voltage is stable, so as to prepare the silver catalyst with a low-coordination structure. And (3) carrying out electrocatalytic reduction on CO2 by taking the silver catalyst with a low coordination structure as a cathode electrode. Through electrochemical in-situ modification, a low-coordination structure is introduced under the condition that the morphology structure and the valence of the silver catalyst are not changed, the catalytic activity and the catalytic stability are greatly improved, operation is easy and convenient, and large-scale industrial application is facilitated.

The application belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy storage, and relates to electrochemically activated vanadium diboride, a preparation method thereof and application of the vanadium diboride in a water-based energy storage positive electrode material. The method comprises the following steps: assembling a vanadium diboride positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode and a water-based electrolyte into an energy storage system; and activating by using a chronocoulometry method, a repeated cyclic voltammetry method, a chronopotentiometry method or a multiple constant current charge-discharge cycle method to obtain an in-situ electrochemically activated vanadium diboride positive electrode material. The electrochemically activated vanadium diboride positive electrode is applied to a Zn 2+ , Li + , NH4 + , Mg 2+ , etc. water-based energy storage system, and exhibits high electrochemical activity. For example, a zinc ion battery assembled at a current density of 0.1 A / g has a specific capacity of 331 mAh / g. The electrochemically activated vanadium diboride water-based energy storage positive electrode material provided by the application has high specific capacity and long cycle life, is low in preparation cost, simple in preparation process and suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a carteolol hydrochloride determination electrode and a quantitative analysis method of the carteolol hydrochloride determination electrode. The cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide / nano zinc oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotube composite electrode is prepared by taking a glassy carbon electrode as a matrix. An electrochemical workstation is used as a signal acquisition device, the electrode is used as a working electrode, a saturated Ag / AgCl electrode is used as a reference electrode, a platinum wire is used as a counter electrode, and after a substance to be measured is subjected to open-circuit pre-enrichment, the content of carteolol hydrochloride in urine is measured by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Application results show that the substance has a good linear relationship in a range of 1 * 10 <-3 >-2 * 10 <-1 > g.L <-1 >, the detection limit can reach 2 * 10 <-4 > g.L <-1 >, and the recovery rate is 96.5-110.5%. The method has a certain anti-interference capability.

The invention provides a composite electro-catalytic material with a built-in electric field and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy materials, the preparation method comprises the following steps: soaking a nickel net in a hydrochloric acid solution for ultrasonic treatment, washing with deionized water and ethanol, and drying to obtain a pretreated nickel net; soaking the pretreated nickel net in a hydrothermal solution obtained by dissolving nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, urea and ammonium fluoride in deionized water, and growing a uniform nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanosheet array structure on the surface of the nickel net by using a hydrothermal method; and placing the obtained nickel-cobalt nanosheet array structure in a potassium hydroxide solution containing chloroplatinic acid, uniformly depositing platinum nanoparticles on the surface of the nanosheet by a simple cyclic voltammetry, and drying to obtain the composite electrocatalytic material with the built-in electric field. The preparation method is short in synthesis period, simple in synthesis process, convenient to operate, reliable in repeatability and very suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The application discloses a preparation method of a high electrochemical activity nanodiamond / graphite composite film electrode. First, a nanodiamond / graphite composite film electrode is prepared through hot wire chemical vapor deposition, then, atomic layer deposition equipment is used to deposit platinum metal atoms on the surface of the composite film electrode, then, the composite film electrode is placed in an H2SO4 solution and connected to an electrochemical workstation to perform cyclic voltammetry treatment, and finally, the target electrode is obtained. The method can significantly improve the electrochemical activity area of the nanodiamond / graphite composite film electrode, provides a new idea and scheme for the design and preparation of a novel nanodiamond-based composite film electrode, and has great application prospects in the fields of electrocatalysis and electric energy storage.

The application relates to the field of electrode materials, in particular to a composite metal oxalate catalytic material, an electrode and a preparation method thereof and an oxygen evolution method of electrolytic alkaline brine. The preparation method of the composite metal oxalate catalytic material comprises the following steps: taking soluble first metal salt, soluble second metal salt and soluble oxalate as raw materials, mixing the soluble first metal salt, the soluble second metal salt and the oxalate in a liquid medium, and preparing the composite metal oxalate catalytic material by using a hydrothermal method or a coprecipitation method; the soluble first metal salt comprises at least one of nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt, chromium salt, copper salt and vanadium salt, and the soluble second metal salt comprises iron salt. The electrode obtained by arranging the composite metal oxalate catalytic material on a conductive substrate has good chlorine resistance and excellent stability, and the Faraday efficiency reaches 99.22%; through cyclic voltammetry test, the electrode can save a large amount of electric energy in application.

The invention discloses a snake wound classification and recognition model construction method based on serum marker electrochemical detection and deep learning, and belongs to the technical field of biosensing and intelligent diagnosis. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, screening based on proteomics to obtain multiple serum protein biomarkers related to snake bite types, constructing a multi-electrode electrochemical sensing platform, and collecting electrochemical signals through cyclic voltammetry (CV) to obtain electrochemical fingerprint characteristics of a serum sample; and after the obtained signal is subjected to normalization and data enhancement processing, the signal is input into a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model for feature learning and classification identification. Through combination of multi-index detection of biomarkers and an end-to-end deep learning algorithm, the method realizes rapid and accurate identification of three different snake wound types of agkistrodon acutus, cobra and trimeresurus remeresurus. The invention constructs a high-sensitivity and rapid diagnosis method for snake wounds, and the method has good popularization and clinical transformation potential.

To provide a laminate capable of obtaining a perovskite solar cell having excellent output characteristics.SOLUTION: The thickness of the nickel oxide layer of the hole transport layer is 5. 0nm or more and 300. 0nm or less in the laminate of the light transmissive layer and the hole transport layer. Condition 1: A peak current and a peak potential of an anode peak appearing in a first cyclic voltammogram obtained by performing cyclic voltammetry on an electrically conductive member whose surface is not covered are defined as a current value A and a potential V, respectively. A current value at potential V in a second cyclic voltammogram obtained by subjecting the stack to cyclic voltammetry is defined as a current value B. At this time, the coverage ratio calculated by Formula (1) (coverage ratio (%) = (1-B / A) * 100) is 90% or more. Condition 2: The total light transmittance of the laminate is 70% or more.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

The invention provides an electro-catalysis electrode with oxygen vacancies and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of electro-catalysis electrodes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a pretreated titanium foil as an anode, carrying out anodic oxidation in an electrolyte containing ammonium fluoride, and annealing to obtain anatase-phase TNAs; taking TNAs as a working electrode, carrying out electro-deposition in a sodium pyrophosphate electrolyte containing Sn < 2 + > by adopting a commutation pulse constant current method, and annealing to obtain a TNAs / SnO2 electrode; taking the TNAs / SnO2 electrode as a working electrode, and applying negative voltage to the working electrode in a neutral electrolyte to carry out rapid constant potential reduction to obtain a TNAs / Ov-SnO2 electrode; and taking the TNAs / Ov-SnO2 electrode as a working electrode, carrying out electro-deposition in an electrolyte containing RuCl3 by adopting a cyclic voltammetry method, and annealing to obtain the TNAs / Ov-SnO2 / RuO2 electrode. When the electrocatalytic electrode is prepared, an electrochemical cathode reduction method is introduced, oxygen vacancies are rapidly, simply and conveniently prepared on the surface of SnO2, high temperature and a chemical reducing agent are not needed, and introduction of impurities is avoided.

The invention provides a half-life period detection method for an additive in a copper foil electrolyte. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a standard solution of the copper foil electrolyte; the method comprises the following steps: by taking a standard solution as a base solution and respectively taking mixed solutions which are placed for different times and comprise to-be-detected additives as to-be-detected solutions, adding the mixed solutions into the standard solution, and measuring redox peak areas of copper deposits which are placed for different times through a cyclic voltammetry method; and determining the half-life period of the to-be-detected additive according to the redox peak area of the copper deposition placed for different time. Through the method, the half-life period of the additive to be tested can be accurately evaluated according to the redox peak area change of copper deposition at different placement times, and data guidance is provided for when the additive is supplemented to the electrolyte.