72results about How to "Improve hydrophobic properties" patented technology

The invention provides a method for preparing hydrophobic silicon dioxide aerogel by rice hull ash based water gel. The silicon dioxide water gel obtained by taking rice hull ash as materials is subjected to solvent replacement, surface finish in the siloxane phase and normal-pressure drying treatment to prepare the silicon dioxide aerogel with hydrophobic characteristics. For the aerogel prepared, the specific surface area reaches between 500 and 1000m<2>/g, the volume density is between 0.08 and 0.3g/cm<3>, and the sizes of the micropores are mainly distributed in the range of between 1 and 100nm. The method adopts advanced technologies of the solvent replacement, the surface finish and the preparation of the normal-pressure aerogel, thereby unnecessarily using expensive organic resources, avoiding the use of supercritical drying equipment which is commonly used in the convention preparation of the silicon dioxide aerogel and has problems of high price, low efficiency and high risk and the technological investment, and obviously lowering production risk and production cost. Moreover, the method also has the advantages of simple process, strong manageability and suitable mass production and application.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing a sulfonic acid group-modified mesoporous material-loaded heteropolyacid catalyst and the application thereof during the esterification reaction. 3-mercapto propyl trimethoxy silane is adopted as an organic silicon source, and tetraethoxysilane is adopted as an inorganic silicon source. A tri-block copolymer is adopted as a template agent, and H2O2 solution is adopted as an oxidant. Phosphotungstic acid is added as an active ingredient and the sulfonic acid group-modified mesoporous material-loaded heteropolyacid catalyst is obtained through the one-step hydro-thermal synthesis process based on the copolycondensation method in the acidic condition. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the catalyst has the advantage of strong acidity, and the specific surface area thereof is 300-600 m2/g. The pore volume of the catalyst is 0.4-1.4 cm3/g, and the pore diameter of the catalyst is 3-7 nm. When the catalyst is used for catalyzing the esterification reaction of cyclohexene and formic acid, the catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity. The conversion rate of cyclohexene can reach 87% and the selectivity of cyclohexyl formate is up to 99%. Moreover, even after the catalyst is recycled, the catalyst is still good in activity. Therefore, the catalyst can be recycled and used repeatedly, and has a considerable industrial application prospect.

The invention relates to a metal material surface modification technology, in particular to a preparation method of a bionic hydrophobic coating on the surface of a magnesium alloy, which aims at improving the surface hydrophobicity of a coating and further improving the corrosion resistance. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out pretreatment by alkali wash and acid wash, and then immersing a sample in a chemical etching solution to change the appearance characteristics of the surface of the sample and enable the surface to contain chemical element substances different from the matrix; and after the reaction, placing the magnesium alloy sample subjected to chemical etching in a chemical plating solution with nickel sulfate as a main salt. Thus, because of the coupling effect of different structure and foreign substance, the adsorptive deposition position and distribution of metal cations in the chemical plating solution are changed, and a chemical coating having typical biologic hydrophobic surface characteristics can be gradually formed in the deposition process.

The invention discloses a mildew-preventing antibacterial hydrophobic coating and belongs to the technical field of coatings. According to the mildew-preventing antibacterial hydrophobic coating disclosed by the invention, a coarse surface shape can be formed on a substrate by adding polymeric particles, so that the hydrophobic property of the coating is greatly improved; and meanwhile, by taking nano-zinc oxide modified chitosan as an antibacterial agent, the mildew-preventing antibacterial hydrophobic coating disclosed by the invention has a good antibacterial effect and overcomes the defects that silver oxide which serves as the antibacterial agent is active in property, is easily oxidized in air to lead to discolor and is high in cost.

The invention discloses a method for preparing super-hydrophobic flame retardant fabric through a one pot method. The method comprises the steps that oxygen plasma corona is adopted for treating the fabric; at 25-50 DEG C, organic solvent, tetraethoxysilane, hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and ammonium polyphosphate are mixed, mixed liquid is obtained, the fabric is added, stirring is conducted, and ammonium polyphosphate is deposited on the surface of the fabric through hydrogen-bond interaction; the pH value of the mixed liquid is adjusted to be 8-9; stirring continues to be conducted, tetraethoxysilane and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane are subjected to a dehydration condensation reaction, a generated polysiloxane-silicon dioxide hybrid and ammonium polyphosphate forma composite coating with a micro-nano structure, and the surface of the fabric is wrapped by the composite coating; rinsing and drying are conducted, and the obtained fabric has excellent super-hydrophobic property and flame retardant property. Accordingly, the simple one pot method is adopted, the technology is simple, the condition is mild, the source of raw materials are wide, the price is low, and large-scale industrial production is facilitated.

The invention discloses a boehmite sol type wear-resisting concrete sealing hardening agent. The boehmite sol type wear-resisting concrete sealing hardening agent is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 30 percent to 60 percent of boehmite sol, 3 percent to 8 percent of nano particles, 5 percent to 10 percent of a silane coupling agent, 1 percent to 5 percent of wax powder, 0.1 percent to 0.5 percent of a surfactant, 5 percent to 11 percent of ethanol and the balance of de-ionized water, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from tetraethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, gamma-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, bi-(trimethoxysilicylpropyl)amine, bi-(triethoxysilylpropyl)amine, 1,2-bi(trimethoxysilyl)ethane and the like. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the boehmite sol type wear-resisting concrete sealing hardening agent.

The invention discloses a super-hydrophobic oleophilic sponge material and a preparing method and oil-water separation application thereof, and belongs to the preparation of high-performance oil-waterseparation composites. The preparing method includes the steps of cleaning a sponge to remove impurities, putting the sponge in roughening liquid for surface roughening treatment, and adding a fattyacid solution for hydrophobic modification treatment to obtain the super-hydrophobic oleophilic sponge material. The super-hydrophobic oleophilic sponge material is a sponge material obtained after anon-polarity long-chain alkane group conducts hydrophobic modification on the surface of a substrate with a polyurethane or melamine sponge as the substrate. The preparing process is simple, the priceis low, and the oil absorption performance is excellent and stable. The material can be widely applied for leaking oil recovery, oil-containing wastewater treatment and oil-water mixture separation;the super-hydrophobic oleophilic sponge material solves the problem that an oil-water separation porous material is low in mechanical strength, low in separation efficiency, poor in repeatability andthe like in the current stage.

The invention discloses a method for improving recovery rates of gold and silver from chalcopyrite. The method comprises the steps of: firstly crushing raw ore until the granularity is smaller than 12mm, adding quicklime, grinding, adding water to obtain ore pulp, then adding a collector and a foaming agent for chemical regulation, stirring, entering rough concentration for copper floatation, and carrying out scavenging, concentration and other steps on the ore pulp after rough concentration to obtain gold-silver-containing copper concentrate with high gold and silver grades. According to the invention, on the basis of ensuring traditional copper concentration economic and technical norms, the gold and silver recovery rates are improved by improving gold and silver grades in the copper concentrate, and the recovery rates of the accompany gold and silver in the chalcopyrite reach 85.11% and 89.97%, respectively; and the method is simple, the onsite production is easy to operate and the comprehensive utilization rate of ore resources is improved.

This invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composite member, where a number of different material layers including at least one layer of gelcoat are applied in a mould, and where resin is applied for joining of the layers. The method is new in that particles are added to the gelcoat, whereby the gelcoat comprising such particles forms an outermost layer on at least a part of the manufactured composite member. Hereby is obtained a composite with a hydrophobic and lotus-like surface yielding good self-cleaning properties and which is on the same time self-regenerating. The invention furthermore relates to composite members comprising such a gelcoat layer with particles and to the use of gelcoat comprising particles for giving regenerating self-cleaning properties.

The invention relates to a membrane distillation device for seawater desalination. The membrane distillation device comprises a hydrothermal input chamber, a vacuum cooling chamber and a condensationtube, the outer layer of the device is a shell wall, a distillation membrane layer is arranged in the device and is a superhydrophobic membrane, the hydrothermal input chamber is arranged between theshell wall and the distillation membrane layer, the vacuum cooling chamber is arranged inside the distillation membrane layer, and the condensation tube is arranged in the vacuum cooling chamber in apenetrating manner. The membrane distillation device is of a reasonable structure and has the characteristics of high distillation efficiency, good energy saving performance and stable operation.

The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing, and discloses a method for quickly preparing a super-hydrophobic surface on a matrix based on 3D printing. The preparation method comprisesthe following steps of: (1) drawing a geometric lattice array surface through graphics software, thereby obtaining a two-dimensional geometric structural model map; (2) taking the matrix, cleaning liquid on the surface of the matrix by an aqueous solution of ethanol, naturally drying in air to obtain a clean dried matrix surface, and uniformly coating a layer of an adhesive base film on the surface of the matrix, and naturally drying in air; (3) filling a printing raw material into a printer, and guiding the two-dimensional geometric structural model map in the step (1) into a 3D printer; and(4) putting the matrix onto a printing platform, and spraying raw materials on the adhesive base film to form the two-dimensional geometric lattice array through a printing spray head on the 3D printing platform. The super-hydrophobic matrix surface has relatively good super-hydrophobic properties.

The invention discloses a super-hydrophobic wood sponge and application thereof. The super-hydrophobic wood sponge is prepared through the following method: mixing NaOH with a concentration of 2.3-2.6mol/L with a Na2SO3 solution of 0.3-0.5 mol/L at a volume ratio of 1:1, immersing a dried light wood block in the mixed solution, performing treatment under boiled conditions for 18-26 hours, then immersing the wood material in a sodium chlorite solution with a concentration of 1-2%, performing heating in a water bath at 80-95 DEG C, performing rinsing and freeze drying, immersing the obtained wood material in a mixed solution of ethanol, water, glacial acetic acid and methyltrimethoxysilane, performing treatment at 20-40 DEG C for 3-6 hours, then taking the wood material out, performing vacuum drying at 30-70 DEG C for 1-2 h, and then performing drying at 90-130 DEG C. The super-hydrophobic wood sponge has high hydrophobicity, high porosity and high adsorption performance, and can be used as a spilled-oil adsorption material so as to perform adsorption and purification on polluted water bodies.

The invention discloses anti-efflorescence magnesium oxychloride cement which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.1-0.5 parts of an anti-efflorescence agent, 1.5-2.5 parts of magnesium chloride, 4-5 parts of a cementing agent and 2-3 parts of water, wherein the cementing agent is one or more of caustic calcined magnesia, fly ash, microsilica and latex powder; the anti-efflorescence agent is an ultrathin hydrotalcite nanosheet prepared by using a microchannel reactor for coprecipitation reaction; the ultrathin hydrotalcite nanosheet is further modified with a surfactant specifically by the following modification process: dispersing the ultrathin hydrotalcite nanosheet in 0.001-0.5 mol/l of a surfactant solution. An LDH nanosheet prepared by the microreactor has an ultrathin structure and a relatively large specific surface area after dispersion, can effectively capture free chloride ions in the cement material, forms LDH of a chloride ion intercalation layer, and avoids migration of chloride ions to a cement surface to cause efflorescence; and hydrotalcite-like nanosheets are further modified with the surfactant.

The invention provides a highly hydrophobic anti-ultraviolet inorganic artificial stone and a preparation method thereof. The highly hydrophobic anti-ultraviolet inorganic artificial stone is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 60-70 parts of quartz sand, 5-10 parts of quartz powder, 18-23 parts of cement, 2-5 parts of an active additive, 4-6 parts of an emulsion, 0.8-1.2 parts of a water reducer, 2-4 parts of water, 0.36-0.46 part of a fluorine group-containing additive and 0.5-1 part of an ultraviolet additive. The hydrophobic property and the anti-ultraviolet strength of the inorganic artificial stone are improved, so that the inorganic artificial stone can achieve a self-cleaning effect, an inorganic artificial stone curtain wall project is cleaned conveniently, and the anti-ageing performance of the inorganic artificial stone is enhanced, so that the cost of the curtain wall project cleaning is reduced effectively, and the service life of the wall body is prolonged.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a modified polyvinylidene fluoride-polyvinyl alcohol binary composite ultrafiltration membrane. The preparation method comprises the following steps of preparing membrane casting solution, wherein the membrane casting solution is prepared by polyvinylidene fluoride powder, polyvinyl alcohol powder, carboxylation multiwalled carbon nanotubes and dimethyl sulfoxide solvent; fully dispersing the carboxylation multiwalled carbon nanotube in the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, then sequentially adding binary membrane materials prepared by the polyvinylidene fluoride powder and the polyvinyl alcohol powder, controlling the temperature to be 95 to 105 DEG C, mechanically stirring and dissolving, and obtaining uniform membrane casting solution; then after fully defoaming the obtained membrane casting solution at the temperature of 40 to 60 DEG C, scraping the membrane on a glass plate; immersing the glass plate with a membrane casting solution thin layer into coagulation bath with the temperature of 25 to 35 DEG C to split phases to form the membrane, taking out after soaking in deionized water for 5 to 7 days, naturally drying, and storing. According to the binary composite ultrafiltration membrane provided by the invention, the flux recovery rate can achieve 81.2 percent, and the binary composite ultrafiltration membrane has good hydrophilic and antifouling property.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a heat-resistant optical fiber filling agent, and belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials. The method comprises the following steps inparts by weight: sequentially weighing 70-80 parts of basic oil, 10-15 parts of modified rotary steam substance, 10-16 parts of micro-capsules, 8-15 parts of polyallyl amine, 3-5 parts of organobentonite, 3-4 parts of an antioxidant, 5-8 parts of thermoplastic elastomer, 2-3 parts of a flame retardant, 2-4 parts of dicyclohexyl carbon imine, and 3-5 parts of polydimethylsiloxane; mixing the basicoil and the modified rotary steam substance; sequentially adding the micro-capsules, the polyallyl amine, the organobentonite, the flame retardant, the thermoplastic elastomer, the antioxidant, the dicyclohexyl carbon imine and the polydimethylsiloxane; and stirring and mixing to obtain the heat-resistant optical fiber filling agent. According to the technical scheme, the prepared heat-resistant optical fiber filling agent has the characteristics that the consistency is further improved under high temperature, so that the drip resistance of optical fibers is further improved, as a result, theheat resistance of the optical fibers is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of ceramics, and discloses a method for preparing a super-hydrophobic high-intensity thin ceramic glaze layer based on 3D printing and surface micron/ nanoparticles coating. The method comprises the following steps: scanning the outer shape of a formed ceramic blank through a three-dimensional canner to obtain a ceramic blank model; constructing a ceramic glaze 3D thin-layer model on the outer surface of the ceramic blank model; inputting the model data into a 3D printer; depositing the thin ceramic glaze layer on the surface of the ceramic glaze by3D printing; dipping micron/ nano sizing; and then sintering to obtain the super-hydrophobic high-intensity thin ceramic glaze layer. The thin ceramic glaze layer is super-hydrophobic, and capable ofsaving raw materials.

The invention discloses a composite multi-layer hydrophobic and anti-corrosion film as well as a preparation method and an application thereof. The film comprises a first metal adhesion layer, a hydrogen-containing amorphous carbon film layer and a hydrogen-free amorphous carbon film layer from bottom to top and is prepared through magnetron sputtering with control on the ratio of argon to hydrogen. Physical and chemical characteristics of different hybridization composition types of carbon are considered, the amorphous carbon film adopting the dual-layer structure is designed, the a-C:H filmis used as a conductive substrate, and thin-layer a-C with the surface covered is used as the anti-corrosion and hydrophobic medium. Through the structural design, the amorphous carbon film can effectively improve the anti-corrosion performance of the film structure on the basis that the conductivity is guaranteed. The design concept has the great prospect for application in the field of metal corrosion resistance and bipolar plates and has the very positive promotion significance for application of metal bipolar plates to hydrogen cells.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a multifunctional super-hydrophobic coating with mechanical stability, and belongs to the field of multifunctional application coatings. The method comprises the following steps: respectively dissolving zinc nitrate and potassium hydroxide in deionized water, slowly dropwise adding the zinc nitrate solution into the potassium hydroxide solution under magnetic stirring, transferring the obtained solution into a high-pressure kettle, reacting for 5 hours under mild conditions, centrifuging and drying to obtain zinc oxide with special morphology, and performing hydrophobic modification on the zinc oxide particles obtained by the method by using tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane, adding n-hexane, polydimethylsiloxane and absolute ethyl alcohol into a beaker according to a certain proportion, fully stirring, adding modified zinc oxide into the mixed solution, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for half an hour, and finally spraying by using a spray gun to obtain the super-hydrophobic coating. The contact angle of the prepared super-hydrophobic coating reaches 157 degrees, the rolling angle is 4 degrees, and the super-hydrophobic coating has good mechanical stability, photocatalysis and antibacterial ability.

The invention discloses an efficient oil-water and emulsion separation polyurethane foam material which comprises the following components in parts by mass: 100 parts of a polyether polyol, 7 to 25 parts of a foaming agent, 0.3 to 0.6 part of a catalyst, 1.2 to 2.5 parts of a foam stabilizer, 0.6 to 1.2 parts of a polyether auxiliary agent and 60 to 90 parts of toluene diisocynate. The efficient oil-water and emulsion separation polyurethane foam material has good oil-water selective adsorption capacity, can quickly and selectively adsorb oil and organic matters on the water surface or under the water surface, can effectively realize separation of emulsion containing a surfactant, has high adsorption multiplying power, and has good practical application value and popularization value; andthe hydrophobic property has very good stability, the efficient oil-water and emulsion separation polyurethane foam materialis suitable for various complex environments, can be rapidly recovered to the original shape after being extruded,has very good resilience, can be continuously put into use and has very good recycling performance.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-temperature-resistant high-humidity-resistant binder for packaging, belonging to the technical field of preparation of binders. According to thepreparation method, the soybean oil is oxidized under acidic conditions to obtain epoxidized soybean oil, the silicon hydroxyl of asbestos fiber is exposed by acid etching, the asbestos fiber is grafted by maleic anhydride, and the asbestos fiber is subjected to surface modification through the epoxidized soybean oil, high temperature, high humidity resistance and toughness are improved, and the water droplets formed by liquefaction of the surface of the film in high temperature and high humidity air will be quickly dried. According to the invention, the modified epoxy resin is toughened by polybutadiene rubber powder, the toughened modified epoxy resin is composed of epoxy resin and rubber particles, the rubber particles are of a core-shell structure, and the rubber particles of the core-shell structure are evenly distributed. The improvement effect on the toughness and strength is remarkable, the activation energy per unit volume of the epoxy glue is reduced, and the maleic anhydridecan be cured and crosslinked with the epoxy resin at a low temperature, so that the binder can be cured at a lower temperature. Therefore, the preparation method has a broad prospect.

The invention provides a post-finishing technology of a luminous water-repellent polyester fabric, and belongs to the technical field of textiles. The post-finishing technology of the luminous water-repellent polyester fabric comprises the steps of pretreatment, water-repellent finishing, luminous coating preparation, coating, dipping, rolling, drying and the like. The technology further comprisesthe step of coating under the action of ultrasonic waves after a luminous coating is prepared. The finally prepared fabric has a good luminous function and good water-repellent performance; meanwhile, the technology is environmentally friendly, so that the prepared fabric has relatively good market prospects.

The invention discloses a solar photovoltaic panel with a self-cleaning function. The surface of the photovoltaic panel is coated with a layer of a self-cleaning coating, and through the performance of the self-cleaning coating, the self-cleaning effect of the solar photovoltaic panel is achieved. The self-cleaning coating is prepared through the specific steps of adding a certain amount of butyltitanate into an ethyl alcohol solution, then adding hydrochloric acid into the ethyl alcohol solution to adjust the PH to be 3, adding distilled water into the mixture after a stirring reaction is conducted for 8-10 minutes, and then conducting stirring and mixing for 2-3 minutes to obtain a colloidal solution; adding a fluorosiloxane resin gel solution and a film-forming auxiliary agent into thecolloidal solution, and conducting stirring and mixing for 3-5 minutes to obtain the coating. According to the solar photovoltaic panel, the surface of the photovoltaic panel is coated with the self-cleaning coating, the self-cleaning coating is prepared by compounding resin containing a large quantity of siloxane bonds and fluorine element and titania gel, has high hydrophobicity and fouling resistance, and can achieve the self-cleaning effect.

The invention discloses a preparation method for an anticorrosive antibacterial wood fiber composite. The preparation method for the anticorrosive antibacterial wood fiber composite comprises the steps that a layer of nanometer oxide suspension liquid is sprayed onto the surface of the wood fiber composite and dried; then a layer of poly-dimethyl siloxane treatment fluid is sprayed onto the surface of the wood fiber composite and dried; and finally, a layer of nanometer oxide suspension liquid is sprayed onto the surface of the wood fiber composite again and dried, and the anticorrosive antibacterial wood fiber composite is prepared. The nanometer oxide suspension liquid is one or several of nanometer aluminum oxide suspension liquid, nanometer titanium dioxide suspension liquid and nanometer zinc oxide suspension liquid. According to the preparation method for the anticorrosive antibacterial wood fiber composite, the surface of the wood fiber composite is subjected to spraying treatment; the inflaming-retarding, smoke-suppressive, anticorrosive and antibacterial properties of the composite are improved, and meanwhile, the hydrophobic property of the surface of the composite is strengthened significantly; and moisture is prevented from entering the interior of the composite and destroying the living environment of microorganism, and the service life and the anticorrosive antibacterial durability of wood are improved significantly.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrochemistry, in particular to a preparation method of an anodic oxidation aluminium template and a nano array. The preparation method of the anodicoxidation aluminium template comprises the following steps: carrying out primary electrolysis treatment on a polished aluminium sheet; removing an aluminium oxide layer generated by primary electrolysis; preparing a polystyrene pellet on the surface of an aluminium substrate; etching the polystyrene pellet; depositing a silicon dioxide film on the etched aluminium substrate and removing the polystyrene pellet; and carrying out secondary electrolysis treatment on the aluminium substrate to obtain an aluminium oxide template, and carrying out pore-enlarging on the aluminium oxide template. Withadoption of the template, an insect compound eye nano array and a nanoflower array are prepared, and the prepared insect compound eye nano array is excellent in hydrophobic property.

The invention discloses a polypeptide fishy-smell-removing method. The polypeptide fishy-smell-removing method comprises the steps of dialysis, ultra-filtration fishy smell removing, shielding fishy smell removing and alcohol-soluble fishy smell removing. Firstly, a chlamys farreri enzymatic hydrolysate is dialysed to remove ash content; then the enzymatic hydrolysate is subjected to ultra-filtration fishy smell removing through a polysulfone hollow fiber ultra-filtration membrane; then ethyl maltol, beta-cyclodextrin and pantolactone are added into a peptide solution subjected to ultra-filtration for shielding fishy smell removing; and finally, an ethanol solution is added for centrifuging to take sediment, and then polypeptides from chlamys farreri are obtained. The polypeptide fishy-smell-removing method has the beneficial effects that the polypeptide fishy-smell-removing method is easy to operate, fishy smell substances of amine, aldehyde, ketone and the like in a polypeptide solution are removed thoroughly, adsorption and wrapping of the beta-cyclodextrin for the aldehyde, ketone and amine type substances can be greatly improved through the pantolactone, 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-2,4-imidazolone in alcohol-soluble fishy smell removing facilitates acceleration separating of the aldehyde and amine type substances, and meanwhile degradation of the polypeptides and proteins can be lowered.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a hydrophobic composite coating and an application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out surface modification on inorganic nano silicon dioxide particles or titanium dioxide particles; adding the modified inorganic nanoparticles into a mixed emulsion of epoxy resin and a curing agent, and stirring to uniformly disperse the particles to obtain a composite coating material; and the inorganic nanofiller-epoxy resin composite anti-corrosion coating is constructed on the surface of metal copper by using the composite coating material through a roller coating method. According to the preparation method provided by the invention, the coating is endowed with hydrophobic property while the stability of the single epoxy resin coating is strengthened, the wear resistance of the coating and the barrier effect on a corrosive environment can be effectively improved, and the corrosion resistance of copper in a salt environment is further strengthened.